Faculty Publications

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    Impact of Diverse Land Use and Population Densities on Access and Egress Mode Choice of Bus Transit System
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Shanthappa, N.K.; Mulangi, R.H.; Sanjay, G.P.
    This study investigates the impact of diverse land use patterns and population densities on commuters’ mode choices for accessing and egressing public bus transit systems. The primary objectives of the study are to examine the influence of diverse land use patterns and population densities on mode choice, analyse the role of population density, explore user perceptions towards access and egress mode choices, and provide recommendations to improve service quality and transit ridership. The methodology involves spatial analysis, statistical modelling, and a detailed questionnaire survey to capture and analyse data. Mode choice behaviours are assessed through multinomial logistic regression models. User perceptions are gathered via surveys conducted across different urban areas with varying densities and land use patterns. Key findings indicate that areas with mixed-use developments and higher commercial density are associated with increased public transit usage, highlighting the importance of integrated urban planning in promoting sustainable transportation. The study also finds that higher population densities correlate positively with public transit use, demonstrating that densely populated areas benefit more from accessible and frequent bus services. Survey results reveal that convenience, travel time, and cost are primary factors influencing mode choice, with environmental concerns and safety also playing significant roles. These findings suggest that improving these aspects could enhance the attractiveness of public transit. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
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    Integrated coastal zone management plan for Udupi coast using remote sensing, geographical information system and global position system
    (SPIE spie@spie.org, 2008) Dwarakish, G.S.; Vinay, S.A.; Dinakar, S.M.; Pai, B.J.; Mahaganesha, K.; Natesan, U.
    Coastal areas are under great pressure due to increase in human population and industrialization/commercialization and hence these areas are vulnerable to environmental degradation, resource reduction and user conflicts. In the present study an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) has been developed for Udupi Coast in Karnataka, along West Coast of India. The various data products used in the present study includes IRS-1C LISS-III + PAN and IRS-P6 LISS III remotely sensed data, Naval Hydrographic Charts and Survey of India (SOI) toposheets, in addition to ground truth data. Thematic maps such as land use/ land cover map, bathymetry map, shoreline configuration map, transportation and drainage network maps, GPS survey map, CRZ map, contour map, DEM, inundation map, critical erosion area map were prepared. A Coastal Vulnerability Index has also been calculated for the study area to know the resistance of study area to sea level rise and is demarcated into four categories; Very high, High, Moderate and Low vulnerability, and a vulnerability map has been prepared. The results of the present study are encouraging. Some of the specific conclusions of the study are; about 50% study area is prone to erosion, river mouths along study area show shifting tendency towards south, and the beaches along the Udupi Coast are maintaining dynamic equilibrium. Coastal Zone Information System (CZIS) has been developed through V.B.6.0 using results of various data analysis. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
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    Coastal vulnerability assessment of the future sea level rise in Udupi coastal zone of Karnataka state, west coast of India
    (2009) Dwarakish, G.S.; Vinay, S.A.; Natesan, U.; Asano, T.; Kakinuma, T.; Venkataramana, K.; Pai, B.J.; Babita, M.K.
    Udupi coast in Karnataka state, along the west coast of India, selected as a study area, is well known for sandy beaches, aquaculture ponds, lush greenery, temples and major and minor industries. It lies between 13°00?00?-13°45?00? north latitudes and 74°47?30?-74°30?00? east longitudes, the length of the coastline is 95 km, and is oriented along the NNW-SSE direction. It is vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise (SLR) due to its low topography and its high ecological and touristy value. The present study has been carried out with a view to calculate the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) to know the high and low vulnerable areas and area of inundation due to future SLR, and land loss due to coastal erosion. Both conventional and remotely sensed data were used and analysed through the modelling technique and by using ERDAS Imagine and geographical information system software. The rate of erosion was 0.6018 km2/yr during 2000-2006 and around 46 km of the total 95 km stretch is under critical erosion. Out of the 95 km stretch coastline, 59% is at very high risk, 7% high, 4% moderate and 30% in the low vulnerable category, due to SLR. Results of the inundation analysis indicate that 42.19 km2 and 372.08 km2 of the land area will be submerged by flooding at 1 m and 10 m inundation levels. The most severely affected sectors are expected to be the residential and recreational areas, agricultural land, and the natural ecosystem. As this coast is planned for future coastal developmental activities, measures such as building regulation, urban growth planning, development of an integrated coastal zone management, strict enforcement of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Act 1991, monitoring of impacts and further research in this regard are recommended for the study area. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Land use scenario analysis and prediction of runoff using SCS-CN method: A case study from the Gudgudi tank, Haveri district, Karnataka, India
    (2011) Bhagwat, N.B.; Shetty, A.; Hegde, V.S.
    Runoff from the Gudgudi tank catchment (209 ha) near Hangal in the Northern Karnataka is estimated employing Soil Conservation Services(SCS) model based on the hydrological data and land use/ land cover data. Rainfall measured for 2006 using a tipping bucket indicated annual rainfall of 887.7mm in the tank catchment. Textural characteristics of the soil indicate sandy-clayey type which corresponds to hydrological soil group "C and D". Average Soil infiltration rate of 0.18 cm/hour for the forest-land and 0.21 cm/hour for agriculture land has been observed. Weighted curve number is arrived based on the antecedent moisture conditions, and runoff is estimated for the existing land-use. Areastorage curve is constructed using the tank bed contours. Considering the hypothetical changes in the agriculture and forest area coverage, optimum conditions for maximizing the runoff and storage in the tank is arrived. The analysis suggests land use pattern of 15% of forest cover and 85% of agriculture land coverage in this region provide maximum runoff and storage in the tank for sustainable development. © 2011 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY.
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    Evaluating uncertainty of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model in the upper cauvery basin, Karnataka, India
    (CAFET INNOVA Technical Society 1-2-18/103, Mohini Mansion, Gagan Mahal Road, Domalguda, Hyderabad 500029, 2015) Kumar Raju, B.C.; Nandagiri, L.
    Quantification of uncertainties associated with hydrological models are essential for accurate assessment of water balance components and optimal planning and management of water and land resources at basin-scale. The present study was taken up to evaluate the uncertainties associated with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model using for two different techniques: i) Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) and ii) Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) techniques. The study was carried out in the Upper Cauvery River basin (36,682 km2) located in the humid to sub-humid region of Karnataka State, India. The calibration of the model was carried out using the Nash – Sutcliffe (NS) coefficient as the objective function for both GLUE and SUFI-2 techniques. The P-factor was 67% and 71% of observed streamflow data bracketed by the 95% prediction uncertainty (95PPU) for GLUE and SUFI-2 respectively during calibration period and corresponding values of 54% and 61% during validation period. Overall results indicate the applicability of SWAT model with moderate levels of uncertainty in large basins located in the humid tropics. The calibrated SWAT model can be used for assessment of water balance components and land use management scenarios in the Upper Cauvery Basin. © 2015 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.
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    Streamflow response to land use-land cover change over the Nethravathi River Basin, India
    (American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2015) Babar, S.; Ramesh, H.
    Land use-land cover change (LULC) has considerable impacts on hydrologic response at the watershed level. Quantitative assessment of LULC impacts on runoff generations is vital for water resources development. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to study the effect of LULC change on streamflows. In addition to this, the present study proposed a newly developed flow-routing model called runoff coefficient routing model (RCRM). This new model is simple and requires limited data, such as precipitation, LULC and streamflows as compared to other models, which require meteorological and many more input data. The Nethravathi River basin was selected for testing the RCRM model with the SWAT model to study land use-land cover change on streamflows. The SWAT model and RCRM model have been calibrated for 2001-2005 and validated for 2006-2009 daily data. Results have shown that the simulated streams are well correlated with observed streamflows with a coefficient of correlation (R2) equal to 0.82 in calibration and 0.68 in validation period. Whereas, the RCRM model results have shown R2 of 0.81 and 0.66 in the calibration and validation period. Finally, the SWAT and RCRM results were compared. It is observed that the results of the RCRM model have shown a good agreement with SWAT model results of R2 equal to 0.99 and 0.98, respectively, in the calibration and validation period. The sensitivity analysis was also carried out based on Latin hypercube one factor-at-a-time (LH-OAT) method using the SWAT model and found 11 sensitive parameters out of 28 parameters. Model performance was carried out using the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) and found 0.81 for calibration and 0.62 for the validation period in the SWAT model. RCRM has NSE of 0.79 and 0.63. The response of the streamflows for the year 2013 was simulated from the calibrated model. The results showed that the observed streamflows have shown good correlation with simulated streamflows with R2 values of 0.86 and NSE of 0.81. From the results, it is concluded that the runoff shows early response in the year 2013 compared to the year 2003. This is mainly due to changes in LULC, which shows the conversion of forest to agricultural area and increase in built-up area from 2003 to 2013. The effect of LULC change on the hydrological model parameters were calculated and observed a decrease in evapotranspiration (ET) of about 4.5%, an increase in runoff of about 0.9%, and an increase in groundwater of about 1.12%. In conclusion, the proposed RCRM in the present study simulates streamflows at par with the SWAT model with only few input data. Hence, the newly developed RCRM model would be used to study streamflows responses to LULC changes. © 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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    Hydrological effects of land use /land cover changes on stream flow at Gilgel Abay River Basin, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
    (CAFET INNOVA Technical Society 1-2-18/103, Mohini Mansion, Gagan Mahal Road, Domalguda, Hyderabad 500029, 2016) Mulu, A.; Dwarakish, G.S.
    Water is the most important resource for the survival of living things and it is the most essential resource associated with land use/ land cover (LU/LC) changes. Therefore, it is very important to make evaluations of the expected impact on the hydrology and water resources due to expected changes. The main objective of this study is to assess the hydrological effect of land use/ land cover changes on stream flow at GilgelAbay river basin using Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) model. System inputs are daily time-series values of precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperature, and parameter files which are generated from GIS Weasel. To identify effect of changes in LU/LC, vegetation type and vegetation density on stream flow, LU/LC, vegetation type and vegetation density data from 1990-2000 and 2001-2010 years were considered. This different period LU/LC, vegetation type and vegetation density with soil data and DEM were given to GIS Weasel to generate different parameters for PRMS model. These generated parameters together with time series data (daily minimum and maximum air temperature, daily precipitation and daily stream flow) feed to PRMS model to simulate stream flow for the years 1993-2000 and 2001-2008. From the time series data, climate changes (daily maximum and minimum temperature and daily precipitations) were kept the same as baseline period (1993-2000). The stream flow of 2001-2008 compared with baseline period (1993-2000) and the effect of LU/LC, vegetation type and vegetation density was identified using calibrated and simulated PRMS model. Hence, as LU/LC, vegetation type and vegetation density changed from 1993-2000 period to 2001-2010 period, stream flow increased from 7.8% (128.4 Mm3) to 25.3% (432 Mm3) and ET decreased from 4.2% (75 Mm3) to 20% (524 Mm3) from baseline period. For the whole simulation periods (2001-2008) stream flow increased by 10.9% (784 Mm3), but ET decreased 6.7% (43 Mm3) related to baseline periods. © 2016 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.
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    Analysis of climate trend and effect of land use land cover change on Harangi streamflow, South India: a case study
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2017) Anil, A.P.; Ramesh, H.
    Land use land cover (LULC) and climate change are considered to be driving factors contributing to the alteration of the hydrological regime. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study climate trend and the effect of LULC on streamflow in a basin covered predominantly by forest. The Harangi river basin is one of such basins located in the western ghats of South India. The LULC trend was carried out by considering temporal multispectral data for the years 1990, 2002 and 2008 obtained from Landsat-5TM and IRS 1C (Indian Remote Sensing Satellites). Climate parameters such as rainfall and temperatures were considered for the trend analysis in this study. The rainfall trend was studied using Man-Kendall and Sen’s slope method to understand the spatio-temporal variability. Rainfall shows the decrease trend at Suntikoppa rain gauge station in January and June months. Harangi and Madapura rain gauge stations also show a decrease of rainfall trend for only January month. Temperature trend show increase in maximum temperature for the month of April, May and November whereas increase in minimum temperature was observed in the month of November and December. Spatial extent of LULC found that 52.4% (220.014 km2) of the study area was covered with forest in 1990 which has considerably decreased to 43.9% (184.53 km2) in 2008. There was a rise in total area of plantation crops from 106.27 km2 (25.32%) to 138.20 km2 (32.9%) during this period. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to study the effect of LULC on streamflow. SWAT model was calibrated and validated using observed daily streamflow data. The coefficient of correlation (r2) was found to be 0.87 and 0.86 for calibration and validation, respectively. The results found the annual streamflow to increase by 0.77% from 1990 to 2008 whereas the mean monthly streamflow has increased by 9.46% during this period. This was mainly due to the reduction in forest area observed in LULC maps. © 2017, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
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    Modeling free-flow speeds on undivided roads in mixed traffic withweak lane discipline
    (SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018) Chathoth, V.; Asaithambi, G.
    In developing countries like India, transportation systems are characterized by limited roadway infrastructure and lack of operation and management experience. Hence, there exists a need to evaluate a performance indicator that reflects the current level of service (LOS) of a road facility. Free-flow speed (FFS) is a key parameter used to express LOS assessment. The objective of this study is to develop FFS prediction models for undivided roads with mixed traffic conditions in both urban and rural settings in India. Traffic data were collected from two-way two-lane undivided roads in southern India during freeflow traffic conditions using videographic method. Various class-specific and site-specific characteristics, such as vehicle class, subclass, carriageway width, link length, number of side roads, lateral clearance, land use type, and area type, were investigated and their influence on FFS evaluated. Statistical tests assessed the variations of obtained FFS with different vehiclespecific and site-specific factors. Free-flow prediction models were developed using linear regression method. The developed models show that FFS increases with greater carriageway width, lateral clearance, and link length, and decreases with increase in number of side roads. In general, FFS is higher in rural areas than urban areas. Similarly, open areas have higher FFS than residential, institutional, and commercial areas. The model can be used to predict FFS of undivided roads if site-specific and vehicle-specific data are known. This study finds interesting applications in capacity and LOS analysis, accident analysis, and before-and-after studies of road improvement schemes. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2018.
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    Improved vegetation parameterization for hydrological model and assessment of land cover change impacts on flow regime of the Upper Bhima basin, India
    (Springer International Publishing kasia@cesj.com, 2018) Mohaideen, M.M.D.; Varija, K.
    This study investigates the potential and applicability of variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrological model to simulate different hydrological components of the Upper Bhima basin under two different Land Use Land Cover (LULC) (the year 2000 and 2010) conditions. The total drainage area of the basin was discretized into 1694 grids of about 5.5 km by 5.5 km: accordingly the model parameters were calibrated at each grid level. Vegetation parameters for the model were prepared using temporal profile of Leaf Area Index (LAI) from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and LULC. This practice provides a methodological framework for the improved vegetation parameterization along with region-specific condition for the model simulation. The calibrated and validated model was run using the two LULC conditions separately with the same observed meteorological forcing (1996–2001) and soil data. The change in LULC has resulted to an increase in the average annual evapotranspiration over the basin by 7.8%, while the average annual surface runoff and baseflow decreased by 18.86 and 5.83%, respectively. The variability in hydrological components and the spatial variation of each component attributed to LULC were assessed at the basin grid level. It was observed that 80% of the basin grids showed an increase in evapotranspiration (ET) (maximum of 292 mm). While the majority of the grids showed a decrease in surface runoff and baseflow, some of the grids showed an increase (i.e. 21 and 15% of total grids—surface runoff and baseflow, respectively). © 2018, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences & Polish Academy of Sciences.