Faculty Publications
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Item Void-aware routing protocols for underwater communication networks: A survey(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is a technology used in several marine applications like environment prediction, defense applications, and discovering mineral resources. UASNs has several challenges like high bit error rate, high latency, low bandwidth, and void-node problem during routing. In the context of routing protocols for underwater communication networks, the void-node problem is one of the major challenging issues. The void-node problem arises in the underwater communication during the greedy-forwarding technique, due to which packet will not be forwarded further toward the sink. In this review paper, we analyze the void-node problem in underwater networks and issues related to the void-node. Also, we elaborate on the significant classification of void-handling routing protocols. We analyze both location-based and pressure-based void-handling routing protocols. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021.Item Mitigation of hard-coded credentials related attacks using QR code and secured web service for IoT(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Verma, R.S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.Hard-coded credentials such as clear text log-in id and password provided by the IoT manufacturers and unsecured ways of remotely accessing IoT devices are the major security concerns of industry and academia. Limited memory, power, and processing capabilities of IoT devices further worsen the situations in improving the security of IoT devices. In such scenarios, a lightweight security algorithm up to some extent can minimize the risk. This paper proposes one such approach using Quick Response (QR) code to mitigate hard-coded credentials related attacks such as Mirai malware, wreak havoc, etc. The QR code based approach provides non-clear text unpredictable login id and password. Further, this paper also proposes a secured way of remotely accessing IoT devices through modified https. The proposed algorithms are implemented and verified using Raspberry Pi 3 model B. © 2019 IEEE.Item Void Avoidance Node Deployment Strategy for Underwater Sensor Networks(Springer, 2020) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) play a major role in many aquatic applications. Underwater sensors were deployed over a given three-dimensional area. Dynamic and unpredictable nature of the underwater environment is resulting in void communications, interrupting the flow of data to the sink node. Sensor nodes, which are part of void communications are called void nodes, and in multi-hop communication nodes depend on void which are called trap. Any deployed node can become a void or trap not only after their deployment but also during their initial deployment. Most popularly used random deployment strategy in UWSNs always results in the many voids and traps. To countermeasure, the shortfall additional nodes are deployed, which may result in still worse condition. The first objective of this paper is highlighting void and trap node problems in random deployment strategy. In the second objective, we are proposing a systematic way of sensor node deployment that overcomes void and trap problems arising in random deployment in UWSNs. Through the MATLAB simulation drawbacks of random and benefits of systematic deployment strategies are demonstrated using a count of void & trap nodes, volume of the area covered, and count of retained void & traps. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Link Quality-based Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Routing is one of the fundamental tasks in any Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). There are many UASNs routing protocols, which are designed based on different factors. The link quality is one of the significant factors that influence the performance of routing in underwater communication. The major contribution of the paper is proposing and designing a Link Quality-based Routing Protocol (LQRP). The LQRP avoids beacons to measure the link quality or history of successful transmissions; instead, it uses physical characteristics of underwater such as temperature, salinity, pH, shipping activity, and wind speed. Further, LQRP compared with Link Quality Estimation based Routing protocol (LQER), through MATLAB simulations. © 2020 IEEE.Item Link and Void Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) are one of the emerging areas in the field of communication. There are several challenges in UASNs like energy-constrained nodes, low bandwidth, high propagation delay, high packet error rate, and communication void-node during routing. These challenges enormously causing problems to the delay-sensitive underwater applications. The major contribution of this paper is to design a routing protocol, which is referred to as the Link and Void Aware Routing (LVAR) protocol. LVAR protocol addresses the void-node problem by proactively avoiding such nodes during routing. Further, during routing sender selects the next-hop based on successful packet delivery probability. LVAR is implemented using a specialized underwater simulator -UnetStack. The performance of the LVAR protocol is compared with state-of-art Interference-Aware Routing(Intar) in terms of end-to-end delay and throughput. © 2021 IEEE.Item Trilateration Based Localization for Underwater Sensor Networks(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Dubey, P.K.Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is one of the emerging areas in the field of communication. UWSNs are used in many applications. At the same time, it faces several challenges such as energy constraint, node mobility, routing, and localization. The sensed data is meaningful only when it is referred to with location. In underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), determining the sensor’s location where the event is taking place is essential. Estimating the location of each node in a sensor network is known as localization. As global positioning system (GPS) signals are not propagated underwater, localization becomes a challenging issue. While various localization algorithms have been proposed for terrestrial sensor networks, they may not directly map them to underwater due to the variation and three-dimension nature of underwater. This paper presents a new localization technique for underwater sensor networks based on trilateration. In this technique, whenever a new node is introduced in an UWSNs, it will derive its coordinates by examining the coordinates of three of its nearest neighbors and the distance between them. Distance between them is determined by using round-trip time. The mathematical model, along with simulation, is presented in the paper. Further, a thorough analysis of results for static and mobile nodes is discussed in this paper. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Hop-count Based Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Kumar, S.; Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is a prominent field in communications due to several applications. UASNs enable underwater data collection and monitoring in different applications. UASNs face several challenges like node mobility, low bandwidth, high energy consumption, and routing. The complexity of the underwater routing is increased due to node mobility. Several underwater routing protocols exist in the literature; they determine next-hop based on different criteria. Some criteria to select next-hop are link quality, residual energy, hop-count, etc. Many underwater routing protocols either use hop-count or hop-count as one of the criteria to choose next-hop. Such routing protocols result in lower hop-count, resulting in smaller end-to-end delays. These routing protocols are instrumental in the delay-sensitive applications where the end-to-end delay is the primary requirement. However, maintaining up-to-date information of the hop-count of nodes is one of the major challenges due to frequent changes in underwater topology caused due to the water current. This survey paper focuses on underwater routing protocols based on hop-count in selecting the next-hop. It focuses on updating hop-count information in various hop-count-based underwater routing protocols. © 2022 IEEE.Item Localized Hop-Count Based Routing (LHR) Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Kumar, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is one of the emerging fields in the area of communication due to the number of applications. UASNs face several challenges like limited energy and bandwidth, high bit error rate, packet loss, node mobility, low propagation speed, and routing. Underwater routing is challenging due to the dynamic topology. Many routing protocols used in the UASNs use the hop-count of the neighbor as one of the attributes to select the next-hop. However, due to changes in underwater topology, hop count changes frequently. Obtaining up-to-date hop-count information is one of the major challenges. Many protocols send beacons periodically to update the hop-count, which creates overhead on the network. This paper proposes a Localized Hop-count based Routing (LHR) protocol, which uses a novel mechanism to determine hop-count. Hop-count in LHR is determined based on the local attributes of neighbors. LHR avoids periodic transmission of the beacons from the sink. Thereby, LHR reduces the overhead of transmitting beacons from the sink node periodically. Further, LHR makes use of metrics such as hop-count, depth, and distance for selecting the next-hop. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Opportunistic Underwater Routing Protocols: A Survey(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Bhujange, K.; Nayeem, A.; Das, A.P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.Underwater Acoustics Sensor Networks (UASNs) play a significant role in the different underwater applications. Some underwater applications include underwater environment monitoring, mine detection, pollution monitoring, etc. UASNs exhibit several challenges like node movement, changes in link quality between nodes, low bandwidth, high bit-error rate, and high energy consumption. These challenges in UASNs make data delivery unreliable during routing. One of the solutions to achieve better performance during routing is using an opportunistic routing approach. In the opportunistic routing, the sender will forward the data to the set of neighbors so that at least a neighbor can receive and forward the data. Evaluating the neighboring nodes, selecting the set of the neighbors, and coordinating among the selected nodes to forward the received data is the significant steps in opportunistic routing. Thus, we consider the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach to select the best next-hops during routing. Therefore, we are making a detailed survey on protocols that apply TOPSIS to evaluate neighboring nodes’ multiple attributes. Then we discuss various clustering techniques used in the selection of the best next-hops. Finally, we discuss methods used to compute hold time to achieve coordination between cluster nodes. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Implementing Holding Time Based Data Forwarding in Underwater Opportunistic Routing Protocol using Unetstack3(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Bhujange, K.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) play a vital role in many applications such as underwater resource exploration, environment monitoring, and surveillance. These applications demand high reliability. However, achieving reliable communication in the UASNs is one of the challenging issues due to varying link quality. To improve the reliable transmission in the UASNs, Opportunistic Routing (OR) is a promising routing technique. One of the challenges OR protocols face is cooperation between nodes. To overcome this, many techniques have been found. Holding time is one of the mainly used techniques to coordinate between nodes. Various holding time algorithms already exist. The difference in the algorithms is the use of different parameters for calculating hold time, and depth difference is the most used parameter. The major goal of this paper is to create a framework in UnetStack3 for holding time-based protocols that can be used for numerous different protocols to compute hold time and overhear neighboring packets by doing minor modifications in the calculations. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.