Implementing Holding Time Based Data Forwarding in Underwater Opportunistic Routing Protocol using Unetstack3

Abstract

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) play a vital role in many applications such as underwater resource exploration, environment monitoring, and surveillance. These applications demand high reliability. However, achieving reliable communication in the UASNs is one of the challenging issues due to varying link quality. To improve the reliable transmission in the UASNs, Opportunistic Routing (OR) is a promising routing technique. One of the challenges OR protocols face is cooperation between nodes. To overcome this, many techniques have been found. Holding time is one of the mainly used techniques to coordinate between nodes. Various holding time algorithms already exist. The difference in the algorithms is the use of different parameters for calculating hold time, and depth difference is the most used parameter. The major goal of this paper is to create a framework in UnetStack3 for holding time-based protocols that can be used for numerous different protocols to compute hold time and overhear neighboring packets by doing minor modifications in the calculations. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.