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    Application of Andreassen and Modified Andreassen Model on Cementitious Mixture Design: A Review
    (Springer, 2021) Snehal, K.; Das, B.B.
    Cement is a widely used construction material and its consumption on large-scale causes environmental degradation; thus, more emphasis is being given on industrial by-products as alternative materials to cement for their sustainable usage. It is necessary that varying particle size of supplementary cementitious particles is to be used for filling the voids to form a dense particle-packed concrete. The selection of right combination of material is tedious job by trials involving different replacement materials and the resultant concrete may show unexpected results; thus, a more suitable method is the selection of materials based on optimum packing of particles. To select the optimum size of replacement materials particle packing models are essential, so that a low-cement concrete can be prepared which will be ecological as well as economical with improved density, low porosity and high compressive strength. It is found that there are different models have been developed to achieve optimal packing. However, application of Andreassen and modified Andreassen models for the particle packing of multiple ingredients of cementitious matrix found to be largely being accepted by the researchers. This paper reviews the application of Andreassen and modified Andreassen models for the effective particle packing investigations on cementitious particles. It also reviews the software’s employed for designing various cementitious mixtures based on Andreassen and modified Andreassen models. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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    Effect of Surathkal Beach Sand on Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites
    (Springer, 2025) Bajpai, N.K.; Bheemanalli, A.; Rajole, S.; Sondar, P.; Ravishankar, K.S.
    Although beach sand is available in abundance, its usage in the structural applications has been limited. Prior studies betray that the sand taken in a nanoparticle size for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites yields in improved mechanical and physical polymer properties, also addition of nanophase structure to the polymer has been found to be increasing toughness and cyclic fatigue resistance of the epoxy polymer. The present work uses beach sand as the filler for the reinforced epoxy matrix. Sand-epoxy composites, with different particle sizes (150, 300, 420 μm) and varying filler percentages (5, 10 and 15%) were investigated for mechanical properties. Beach sand nano-particles were considered as high-potential filler materials in the present study owing to their molecular size in a reinforcement and polymer nanocomposites made out of them offer the possibility to develop novel materials with unique properties. As a result, the mixture of 10% filler sand with the particle size of 150 μm showed highest tensile and compressive strength and addition of sand particles beyond 10% led to creation of voids, thereby resulting in decreased strength. It is also noticed that, uniform distribution of sand particles within the matrix and interfacial bonding was the main contributing factors for the increased mechanical properties. The FE analysis of sand epoxy composites was also carried out using ABAQUS finite element analysis tool for flexural failure analysis. Simulations were recorded at various instances till failure. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.