Book Chapters
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Item Particle Removal by Surfactants During Semiconductor Cleaning(Elsevier, 2022) Yerriboina, N.P.; Park, J.-G.; Poddar, M.K.Particle removal during semiconductor processing is very crucial to meet the requirements of device reliability and yield. Several process steps are involved during semiconductor manufacturing, and cleaning steps are necessary before and after each processing step to make the wafer surface ready for the next process. As wafers may have different kinds of surfaces and particulate contaminants, the cleaning should be carefully optimized to provide the necessary physical forces and/or chemical forces. In this chapter, two major semiconductor processing steps are discussed for the application of surfactants in removing particles: wafer cleaning and PCMP (post-chemical mechanical planarization) cleaning. There are several issues or challenges to remove the particles from these processing steps. Surfactants play a critical role in preventing the redeposition of the particles during the cleaning process by modifying surfaces to have repulsive interaction forces between particles and wafer surfaces. Some typical surfactants used for the semiconductor cleaning process and their characteristics are discussed. Various mechanisms involved in particle removal by surfactants are explained. They also play an important role in Si wafer cleaning in controlling the etch rates by adsorbing on the wafer surface. A PCMP cleaning is necessary to remove the slurry particles attached to the different substrates (such as dielectrics, metals, III-V materials) after the CMP process. These particles are removed by adding suitable surfactants to the cleaning solutions. The role of surfactants in particle removal depends on the type of substrate. A variety of surfactants used for the PCMP cleaning process are also discussed. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Biohydrogen production from waste substrates and its techno-economic analysis(Elsevier, 2023) Dikshit, P.K.; Poddar, M.K.; Chakma, S.The demand for alternative energy is increasing considerably due to the fast depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing greenhouse gases emission, causing serious climate change. Among various alternative energy sources, biohydrogen (H2) has achieved major traction due to its distinct properties like high-energy content, recyclability, and production of water on the combustion process. Although several processes are adopted for hydrogen production from a wide range of substrates, utilization of organic feedstock using dark fermentation has proven to be one of the most promising methods among all. However, the raw material cost, which contributes around 70%–80% of the total production expenses, is the major hurdle in the successful commercialization of this process. Organic wastes can be used as an alternative to pure carbons for the reduction of production cost. This chapter summarizes biohydrogen production from various waste substrates, its production process, microorganisms involved, fermentation approaches, and various factors that influence the production along with major advantages and challenges. Additionally, techno-economic analysis of biohydrogen production on an industrial scale from various organic wastes is also discussed in detail. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Transitions toward sustainable E-waste management plans(Elsevier, 2023) Sahota, S.; Poddar, M.K.; Narzari, R.The last few decades have witnessed the advancement in electrical and electronic appliances and their applications have revolutionized human’s daily life. However, at the same time excessive electronics wastes (E-waste) and hazardous materials associated with this E-waste have caused serious concerns to the environment and all living organisms. Sustainable E-waste management to control and mitigate the E-waste generation and its conversion into value-added products are of utmost importance to protect the environment and healthy lifestyle. This chapter discusses the overview of E-waste generation and its impact on the environment and humans. The chapter also covers the worldwide technological aspects being used to achieve an effective E-waste management system. Various E-waste management models and government policy for successful implementation of these models in most of the developed and developing countries are also discussed. The studies revealed that Switzerland is the first country that successfully implemented the sustainable E-waste management system with recycling of approximate 11kg/capita of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment against a targeted value of 4kg/capita set by European unions. In the end, the challenges and future perspectives to achieve sustainable E-waste management are also discussed. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Basic concepts of ultrasound and its effects on fuel processing(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Poddar, M.K.; Dikshit, P.K.; Chakma, S.Ultrasound-assisted technique is well-known for process intensification via chemical and physical changes under the influence of acoustic cavitation. Acoustic cavitation is the phenomenon of nucleation, growth, and collapse of cavitation bubbles into a liquid medium that augments the reaction kinetics and the final process yield. This chapter provides a fundamental and detailed understanding of the acoustic cavitation phenomenon. It includes the history and origin of the acoustic wave and its formation, the concept of cavitation bubbles, bubble nucleation and growth mechanism, cavitation effects, and its types. Numerous process parameters, such as applied frequency, intensity, temperature, dissolved gas content, etc., also directly or indirectly influence the cavitation threshold are also highlighted. Further, the ultrasound's physical and chemical effects involving various chemical and biochemical processes to enhance the process yield are also reviewed. The mode of generation of ultrasound energy and its measurement technique are also briefly discussed. Finally, an overview of modeling and simulation of radial motion of single bubble growth, its oscillation in both ultrasound-assisted and conventional systems, and bubble growth rate under rectified diffusion are also discussed in detail. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved.Item Application of ultrasound in microbial and algal biofuel production(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Poddar, M.K.; Pattanaik, L.; Dikshit, P.K.The application of ultrasound has received immense research attentions in the past few years due to its application in various sectors including dye degradation, pretreatment process, fuel production, bioprocessing, etc. Recently, ultrasonication has been used as a novel bioprocessing tool for enhancing biofuel production from microbial and algal biomass during the fermentation process. Additionally, this technique is also used in many areas of downstream processing such as extraction of lipids from biomass, filtration, and crystallization. The usage of ultrasonication during the fermentation process can result in the enhancement of the transfer of oxygen for aerobic culture, homogenization of biomass for the reduction in clump formation, and faster substrate transfer to biomass which further results in enhanced microbial growth. In view of this, the present chapter mainly focuses on the role of ultrasonication in microbial and algal lipid production and its extraction process with an aim for liquid biofuel production. Additionally, the influence of various operating parameters (power intensity, frequency, duration, reactor design, and kinetics) over the growth, lipid production, and extraction process are also described in detail. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved.Item Biobased Polymers, Their Composites and Blends in Electronics(wiley, 2024) Thakur, D.; Poddar, M.K.[No abstract available]Item Fundamentals of multifunctional nanostructured coatings with recent updates(Elsevier, 2025) Poddar, M.K.; Soman, V.This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of nanocoatings and their diverse applications. Nanocoatings are characterized by their nanoscale dimensions, typically ranging between 1 and 100nm and high-surface-to-volume ratios. They showcase remarkable properties such as protection against corrosion, wear, microbial action, and UV radiation and provide superior optical, electrical, and surface properties. Compared to the conventional coatings, the synthesis of nanocoating involves very little use of volatile organic compounds. Nanocoating is fabricated using synthesis techniques like chemical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, and Particle Vapor Deposition, etc. This chapter also discusses different types of nanocoatings reported in scientific literature, each with many applications. Ceramic-based nanocoatings, which are oxide-based ceramics like alumina (Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), and titania (TiO2), etc, are highlighted for their remarkable hardness and suitability for wear and corrosion-prone applications. Also, the applicability of polymer and metal matrix-based nanocoatings in packaging, automotive, thermal protection, and solar energy harnessing is emphasized; these nanocoatings find extensive potential in industries such as aerospace, transportation, and manufacturing, where superior mechanical properties and wear resistance are inevitable. To bring nanocoatings to a large scale in the future, it is essential to adapt cost-effective strategies and evaluate the adhesion between substrate and coating. Mathematic models may be developed to simulate various properties. Nature-inspired models could efficiently design nanocoatings, such as the lotus leaf effect. We also address some of the environmental challenges associated with nanocoating and emphasize the importance of considering factors like size, capping agent, and shape to mitigate such challenges. Nanocoatings offer great potential in enhancing material performance, protecting surfaces, and addressing industry challenges. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved.Item Effects of green manufacturing and technological innovations on sustainable development(Elsevier, 2025) Poddar, M.K.; Soman, V.; Narzari, R.This chapter offers a concise exploration of the potent link between green manufacturing technologies and the sustainable development goals (SDGs). It highlights how eco-friendly practices in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) hold the potential to drive sustainable development. Through the adoption of green methods such as plant-based NP synthesis, microorganism and microalgae utilization, we elucidate their pivotal role in advancing SDGs related to clean energy, responsible consumption, healthcare, clean water, and the conservation of the ecosystem. The environmental hazards caused as a result of conventional synthesis methods of NPs have also been discussed in brief. This chapter also throws light on the versatile applications of NPs, from renewable energy solutions to sustainable materials. It serves as a realistic guide that emphasizes the real-world impact of green manufacturing and innovation in molding a sustainable future. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.