Toxic-free surface level sulphur doped 1D Ti-Ox-Sy nanorods for superstrate heterojunction CZTS thin-film solar cells

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dc.contributor.authorVaradharajaperumal, S.
dc.contributor.authorAlagarasan, D.
dc.contributor.authorSripan, C.
dc.contributor.authorGanesan, R.
dc.contributor.authorSatyanarayan, M.N.
dc.contributor.authorHegde, G.
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-05T09:27:44Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractSurface level sulphur (S) doped TiO<inf>2</inf> nanorods (S-TNRs) were fabricated via toxic-free novel three-step processes such as low-temperature hydrothermal method followed by thermal evaporation (S layer) and post-annealing (350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C) techniques. Present work focuses on the comprehensive studies of surface level doping, structure, morphology and compositional properties of different temperature annealed S-TNRs for CZTS thin-film (Au/CZTS/S-TNRs/TNRs/FTO) solar cells. The oxidation states of incorporated S atoms in the TiO<inf>2</inf> matrix were identified from X-ray photoelector spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. A reduction in bandgap for 350 °C annealed S-TNRs film was observed from UV-Vis spectroscopy. The electrical characteristics showed the fabricated solar cells strongly depend on the S-TNRs annealing temperature. Proposed technique would be useful in effective and controlled (surface level) doping of S atoms into any desired nanostructured metal oxides for optoelectronic applications and, further useful in fabricating cadmium (Cd) free buffer layer in chalcogenide solar cells. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
dc.identifier.citationMaterials Research Bulletin, 2021, 133, , pp. -
dc.identifier.issn255408
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111081
dc.identifier.urihttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/23513
dc.publisherElsevier Ltd
dc.subjectAnnealing
dc.subjectBuffer layers
dc.subjectHeterojunctions
dc.subjectMorphology
dc.subjectNanorods
dc.subjectOxide minerals
dc.subjectSemiconductor doping
dc.subjectSulfur
dc.subjectTemperature
dc.subjectThermal evaporation
dc.subjectThin films
dc.subjectTitanium dioxide
dc.subjectUltraviolet visible spectroscopy
dc.subjectAnnealing temperatures
dc.subjectChalcogenide solar cells
dc.subjectCompositional properties
dc.subjectElectrical characteristic
dc.subjectLow-temperature hydrothermal methods
dc.subjectNanostructured metals
dc.subjectOptoelectronic applications
dc.subjectUV-vis spectroscopy
dc.subjectThin film solar cells
dc.titleToxic-free surface level sulphur doped 1D Ti-Ox-Sy nanorods for superstrate heterojunction CZTS thin-film solar cells

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