Faculty Publications
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Item A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers(wiley, 2022) Vijesh, A.M.; Isloor, A.M.Significant changes in the modern medical field in recent decades are due to the commercialization of new diagnostic tools, surgical devices, and implantable devices. Biocompatible materials played a pivotal role in the success of such medical instruments. The biocompatibility of the material used in health care plays a crucial role in deciding their medical applications. It mainly depends on the chemical composition of the materials used and also with their physical and chemical properties. Interactions between the tissue and the biomaterials also play a major role in the selection of materials for the biomedical applications. Development of cost-effective biomaterials showing fewer side effects is the biggest challenge for the researchers. One can tune and modify the properties of biomaterials based on their applications with great effort. These biocompatible materials are either naturally occurring one or synthetic, which includes biodegradable polymers, metals, alloys, ceramics, and composites. This review chapter discusses few of the recent developments in the biomaterial research mainly used in medical applications. © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC.Item Novel organogel based lyotropic liquid crystal physical gels for controlled delivery applications(Elsevier Ltd, 2015) Singh, V.K.; Pal, K.; Banerjee, I.; Pramanik, K.; Anis, A.; Al-Zahrani, S.M.In this study, novel organogel based lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) were prepared and investigated as controlled release matrices. The LLC gels were prepared using mixtures of Span 80-Tween 80 (1:2 w/w), aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (10% w/w) and sesame oil. The prepared gels were characterized by microscopy, mechanical testing and thermal studies. The biocompatibility of the gels was tested against human keratinocytes. Metronidazole loaded gels were used for in vitro drug release and antimicrobial tests. The formation of water-in-oil emulsion gels was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. Polarized micrographs showed the formation of lamellar structures within the aqueous phase of the matrices. Mechanical studies confirmed the viscoelastic nature of the gels with solid like consistency. The melting points of the gels were in the range of 44-51°C. The gels did not elicit any cytotoxic effect on the human keratinocytes. The release of metronidazole from the gels was diffusion mediated. The drug loaded gels showed good antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli. ©2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Item Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using copper-resistant Bacillus cereus, a soil isolate(Elsevier Ltd, 2016) Tiwari, M.; Jain, P.; Raghu Chandrashekar, R.; Narayanan, K.; Bhat, K.U.; Udupa, N.; Rao, J.V.Microorganisms are useful systems for the production of biocompatible metal nanoparticles. Copper, an essential element of life, has good therapeutic potential. However, copper lacks suitable form for effective in vivo delivery, which has diminished its applicability. In this study, we produced biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (BCuNps) using a copper-resistant bacterial isolate from copper mine. The organism was able to tolerate >10 mM of copper and when analysed by 16S rRNA technique, showed 100% similarity with Bacillus cereus. BCuNps, produced by this microorganism, in cell-free filtrate, were characterized for surface plasmon resonance (SPR), particle's characteristics, spectroscopic properties and morphology. SPR peaks for BCuNps were recorded between 570–620 and 350–370 nm. BCuNps characteristics, namely particle size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential were found to be 11–33 nm, 0.433 and (?) 19.6 mV, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) analyses confirmed the uniform morphology; X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum revealed the crystalline nature; and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum disclosed the presence of protein with BCuNps. A comparative evaluation of BCuNps with copper sulphate to determine their antimicrobial and cell toxicity levels was undertaken. BCuNps showed better antimicrobial effect and found to be safer against normal cell lines, such as HaCat, Vero and hFOB, than the copper sulphate control. © 2016 Elsevier LtdItem Hemocompatibility of Sulfuric Acid-Treated Metallocene Polyethylene and its Application in Reducing the Quantity of Medical Plastic Waste(Taylor and Francis Inc. 325 Chestnut St, Suite 800 Philadelphia PA 19106, 2017) Jaganathan, S.K.; Balaji, A.; Mohanadas, H.; Sivakumar, G.; Kasi, P.; SelvaKumar, M.; Kadiman, S.B.; Anandhan, S.; Faudzi, A.A.B.; Supriyanto, E.; Mandal, M.The hazards of dumping medical plastics have created a huge demand to reduce the quantity of plastic usage without compromising its quality. The metallocene synthesized polyethylene is one such advent, however, its clinical usage is limited by the problem of hemocompatibility. This study investigates the effect of sulfuric acid-induced changes in metallocene polyethylene. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis illustrated the addition of OH and sulfonic acid group, which subsequently increased the wettability. An improvement in micro as well as nanosurface roughness was observed. Ultimately, the treated surfaces depicted delayed clotting time, adsorption of specific plasma proteins, reduced hemolysis, and resistance against platelet adhesion. © 2017 Taylor & Francis.Item Poly(N,N-diethyl acrylamide)/functionalized graphene quantum dots hydrogels loaded with doxorubicin as a nano-drug carrier for metastatic lung cancer in mice(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Havanur, S.; Batish, I.; Cheruku, S.P.; Gourishetti, K.; JagadeeshBabu, J.; Kumar, N.Cancer has emanated as a daunting menace to human-kind even though medicine, science, and technology has reached its zenith. Subsequent scarcity in the revelation of new drugs, the exigency of salvaging formerly discovered toxic drugs such as doxorubicin has emerged. The invention of drug carrier has made drug delivery imminent which is ascribable to its characteristic traits of specific targeting, effective response to stimuli and biocompatibility. In this paper, the nanoscale polymeric drug carrier poly(N,N-diethyl acrylamide) nanohydrogel has been synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization. Lower critical solution temperature of the polymeric carrier has been modified using graphene quantum. The particle size of pure nanohydrogel was in the range of 47 to 59.5 nm, and graphene quantum dots incorporated nanohydrogels was in the range of 68.1 to 87.5 nm. Doxorubicin (hydroxyl derivative of anthracycline) release behavior as a function of time and temperature was analyzed, and the Lower critical solution temperature of the synthesized nanohydrogels has been found to be in the range of 28–42 °C. Doxorubicin release characteristics have improved significantly as the surrounding temperature of the release media was increased near to physiological temperature. Further, the cumulative release profile was fitted in the different kinetic model and found to follow a Fickian diffusion release mechanism. The hydrogel was assessed for its cytotoxicity in B16F10 cells by MTT assay. In-vivo studies were done to study the lung metastasis by melanoma cancer and the results showed a rational favorable prognosis which was confirmed by evaluating hematological parameters and the non-immunogenic nature of nanohydrogel by cytokine assay. Comprehensively, the results suggested that poly(N,N-diethyl acrylamide) nanohydrogels have potential application as an intelligent drug carrier for melanoma cancer. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.Item Hydroxyapatite—a promising sunscreen filter(Springer, 2020) Pal, A.; Hadagalli, K.; Bhat, P.; Goel, V.; Mandal, S.Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been known to cause skin cancer, erythema, and sunburn. Continuous efforts have been made to make sunscreens more efficient and non-toxic. Inorganic sunscreens like TiO2 and ZnO are continued to be used for a few decades, and they are efficient in giving protection against harmful UV radiation, but they are photochemically active as well. They generate free radicals upon irradiation, which leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which is harmful to the human skin. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biocompatible material as it has a composition the same as the mineral content of the human bone; therefore, it is suitable for the dermatological application. Though HA itself does not provide protection against UV, studies on doped HA with various ions showed excellent performance. Pure HA absorbs only between 200 and 340 nm, with an intense band below 247 nm. HA doped with bivalent Zn2+, Fe2+, and trivalent Fe3+ and Cr3+, showed absorbance in the entire UV region. TiO2 provides absorbance in the entire UV range, while ZnO does so only in UVA. Compared to HA (refractive index, n = 1.6), TiO2 (n = 2.6) and ZnO (n = 1.9) have higher refractive index, which gives unwanted whitening effect. Additional properties can be brought in HA composites by adding material while retaining their individual properties. As HA is not photocatalytic, it does not lead to a generation of free radicals. This paper throws light on several aspects of HA-based sunscreen filters as an emerging future cosmetic material, and brief analysis and conclusions. © 2019, Australian Ceramic Society.Item Deposition of TiN and TiAlN Thin Films on Stainless Steel Tubes by a Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering Method(ASTM International, 2021) Trivedi, K.; Rane, R.; Joseph, A.; Arya, S.B.Titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) coatings are very hard materials that are mostly coated on cutting tools to increase the tool life. These coatings have also been successfully applied as a coating material for biomedical applications mainly due to their tribological properties, biocompatibility, and affordable price. In an attempt to develop transition metal nitride coatings on specimens of cylindrical geometry, TiN and TiAlN thin films were deposited successfully on stainless steel tubes using a direct-current cylindrical magnetron cosputtering method. Both types of coatings were uniform in nature and had good adherence to the substrate. TiN and TiAlN thin films were characterized systematically to determine their structure, surface morphology, chemical states, chemical structure, and electrochemical behavior using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic methods, respectively. The XRD patterns of the TiN and TiAlN coatings indicated (111) preferential orientation. Crosssectional SEM images revealed a columnar growth of the coatings with an arrow-headed geometry. XPS characterization showed the presence of TiN, Titanium dioxide, titanium oxynitride, aluminum oxide, and aluminum nitride phases. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution revealed that the TiAlN coating exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared with the TiN coating. Furthermore, TiAlN coating showed 94 % of average absorption in ultraviolet-visible region using photospectrometry. The cylindrical magnetron sputter deposition technique enables development of uniform protective coatings on tubular geometries, which are frequently employed in solar thermal and nuclear applications. © 2021 by ASTM International.Item Structural and dynamical properties of water in surfactant-like peptide-based nanotubes: Effect of pore size, tube length and charge(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Dilip, H.N.; Chakraborty, D.Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the structural and dynamical properties of water molecules around pre-assembled surfactant-like peptide (SLP) nanotubes in aqueous media. These SLPs can be thought as a class of biocompatible and biodegradable surfactants for biomedical applications. Nanotube-like structures were considered where glycine and lysine (G6K) are taken as the constituents for the composition of the SLPs. The nanotubes considered were of different dimensions; such as 18 × 15 (number of peptides on the circumference x number of peptides layers), 18 × 12 and 16 × 12 for both charged and neutral analogues. The charged composition consists of protonated nitrogen in the lysine subunit and chlorine/bromine as counter ions. It is found that the neutral SLPs have less hydrated inner core consisting of more tetrahedral water compared to their charged analogues. The hydrogen bond lifetime of water-water and water-peptide molecules increases in the inner pore and found to be maximum for charged 16 × 12 system. Outside the pore, charged analogue of 18 × 15 have more water-water hydrogen bond lifetime compared to all other systems. However, protein-water hydrogen bond lifetime was found to be more for neutral analogues outside the pore due to more probable interactions of SLPs with water molecules. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.Item 4D printed stereolithography printed plant-based sustainable polymers: Preliminary investigation and optimization(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) Danish, M.; Vijay Anirudh, P.; Karunakaran, C.; Vasudevan, V.; Mathew, A.T.; Koziol, K.; Thakur, V.K.; Kannan, C.; Balan, A.S.S.The increasing demand for applying shape memory polymer to tissue culture and biomedical engineering has opened up research opportunities in the field of 4D Printing. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds as a culture medium resulted in the use of plant-based polymers to provide an ambient environment for the growth of cells. This research investigates the 4D printing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), a plant-based shape polymer. The objective of the present work is to establish the relationship between the 4D printing parameters (laser power frequency and print speed) and different properties of the printed material viz. tensile stress, surface roughness, wettability, recovery time, strain fixity and glass transition temperature. The maximum fixity was about 85%, while the recovery time as low as 1.6 s. The print parameters are optimized using regression modeling and multi-objective optimization techniques. The shape memory effect of the polymer is demonstrated by printing samples at the optimized conditions. Dynamic mechanical analysis is performed to evaluate the variation in the glass transition temperature of AESO at specific print parameters. The adoption of an optimal set of laser frequency and print speed is found to improve the properties of AESO, while built by micro stereolithography (micro-SLA). © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Item Comparative investigation of coating and friction stir processing on Mg-Zn-Dy alloy for improving antibacterial, bioactive and corrosion behaviour(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Rokkala, U.; Jana, A.; Bontha, S.; Ramesh, M.R.; Balla, V.K.Magnesium based alloys are well-known materials for temporary implant applications. However, failures due to early degradation and bacterial infection are limiting their applications. To overcome these problems, in the present work a Mg-Zn-Dy alloy based composite surface was prepared using coating and friction stir processing (FSP) techniques. Herein, hydroxyapatite (HA) and silver (Ag) particles were deposited on Mg-Zn-Dy alloy to obtain HA and Ag coated surface (C-HAg). Later, FSP was carried out on the C-HAg surface to develop a Mg-Zn-Dy alloy based composite surface (F-HAg). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) confirm the mixing of HA and Ag particles with the Mg-Zn-Dy substrate. Antibacterial studies reveal that both C-HAg and F-HAg samples inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In vitro cytotoxicity study indicates that the both samples are non-toxic in nature. Results of in vitro corrosion study reveal a significant reduction (72%) in corrosion rate of F-HAg sample when compared to C-HAg sample. The F-HAg samples showed simultaneous improvement in corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties with good biocompatibility. The results of this study indicate that the developed composite surface is a promising material for antibacterial and biodegradable implant applications. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.