Faculty Publications

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    Comparison of the particle size distribution in marble and granite rock samples subjected to ball milling process
    (Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration theng@smenet.org 12999 E Adam Aircraft Circle Englewood,Colorado 80112 Colorado, 2019) Kunar, B.M.; Murthy, C.S.N.; Rao, B.K.
    Rock particle size has a very important significance in the mining industry, starting from blasting till the mineral processing. The present study was carried out to understand the particle size distribution in various sieves after conducting the ball milling process. The time of the grinding process was varied at different intervals. It was observed that 80% of the particles of both granite and marble rock samples passed through the 4800 μm sieve when subjected to grinding time of 40 minutes. Also, it was observed the number of particles that were retained in the smallest sieve of <75 μm was higher in the case of granite sample when compared to a marble sample. © © 2019 by SME.
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    Synthesis and characterization of nano-alumina powder by milling of Al and MnO2powder mixture
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Ravikumar, K.S.; Ghanaraja, S.; Ramesh, M.R.
    There are extensive study on nano composites because of its outstanding mechanical properties when compared with the monolithic materials. The manufacturing of nano particles presents an increasing interest. There are two basic strategy for the synthesis of nano particles, they are bottom up and top down approach. Nano particles are built atom by atom in the bottom up approach. In the synthesis of nano particles, top down approach is most applied one. In this approach, bulk materials are broken down gradually into smaller sizes until they reach nano size. Ball milling is most widely used method for the top down approch. Ball milling process involves milling of constituent powders in a vial where mechanical deformation and chemical reactions takes place between the powders to form new phase. In the present study, constituent powder mixture of Al (1.845 μm) and MnO2(0.75 μm) are subjected to high energy planetary ball milling to form new phase which is of nano alumina (Al2O3). Initially, Al and MnO2powder mixture are taken in the ratio of 1:2.416 by weight for different milling duration of 120 min, 240 min and 360 min. The constant speed of the mill was maintained at 300 rpm. The powder mixture inside the mill subjected to impact force between ball to ball and between ball to wall of the container undergo cyclic deformation, cold welding and fracture ensures the generation of nano alumina particles in the range of 50 nm to 560 nm. The effect of mechanical alloying on the microstructure of the powder mixture have been studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and EDS. Toluene was used during milling appears effective process control agent to avoid severe agglomeration and to enhance milling effect. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Utilization of Recycled Concrete Aggregates Processed Using the Ball Milling Method in Cement-Treated Bases for Pavements
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Chiranjeevi, K.; Kumar, D.H.; Kumar, A.J.; Thapas, N.D.S.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.
    Pavement construction and maintenance have become very common worldwide as traffic volumes and vehicular axle weights continue to rise as the global population grows and technology advances. The extensive utilization of natural resources implies that their existence for long-term availability cannot be assured. Using materials from the various damaged and collapsed structures will save money and find a solution to the trash disposal issue. These materials have inferior engineering properties compared to conventional materials and cannot be used directly in pavement applications. These materials must be processed or stabilized by mechanical and chemical stabilization techniques. Processing of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCAs) has gained more importance in improving the physical properties. In the current investigation, construction and demolition (C&D) waste was processed in two stages successively. In the first stage, C&D waste was subjected to manual crushing and further processed through jaw crushing. The aggregates were processed through ball milling in the second stage. The natural aggregates are entirely replaced with the RCA in cement-treated bases (CTBs) at 3, 5, and 7% stabilization levels. Mechanical and durability properties were evaluated. The RCA produced from the ball milling method performs better than the unprocessed RCA. The mix having 7% cement content with processed RCA met the specifications for CTB. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
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    Phase transformation, structural evolution, and mechanical property of nanostructured feal as a result of mechanical alloying
    (Springer New York LLC barbara.b.bertram@gsk.com, 2009) Rajath Hegde, M.M.R.; Surendranathan, A.O.
    The objective of the work is to synthesize nanostructured FeAl alloy powder by mechanical alloying (MEA). The work concentrates on the synthesis, characterization, and structural and mechanical properties of the alloy. Nanostructured FeAl intermetallics are prepared directly by MEA in a high-energy ball mill. Milling is performed under toluene solution to avoid contamination from the milling media and atmosphere. Mixtures of elemental Fe and Al are progressively transformed into a partially disordered solid solution with an average composition of Fe-50 at.% Al. Phase transformation, structural changes, morphology, particle size measurement, and chemical composition during MEA are investigated by X ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Vickers microhardness (VMH) indentation tests are performed on the powders. The XRD and SEM studies reveal the alloying of elemental powders as well as transition to nanostructured alloy; crystallite size of 18 nm is obtained after 28 h of milling. Expansion/contraction in lattice parameter accompanied by reduction in crystallite size occurs during transition to nanostructured alloy. Longer milling introduces ordering in the alloyed powders as proved by the presence of superlattice reflection. Elemental and alloyed phases coexist while hardness increases during MEA. copy2009 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
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    Phase transformation, structural evolution and mechanical property of nanostructured FeAl as a result of mechanical alloying
    (2009) Rajath Hegde, M.M.R.; Surendranathan, A.O.
    Objective of the work was to synthesize nanostructured FeAl alloy powder by mechanical alloying (MEA). The work concentrated on synthesis, characterization, structural and mechanical properties of the alloy. Nanostructured FeAl intermetallics were prepared directly by MEA in a high energy rate ball mill. Milling was performed under toluene solution to avoid contamination from the milling media and atmosphere. Mixtures of elemental Fe and Al were progressively transformed into a partially disordered solid solution with an average composition of Fe-50 at % Al. Phase transformation, structural changes, morphology, particle size measurement and chemical composition during MEA were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) respectively. Vickers micro hardness (VMH) indentation tests were performed on the powders. XRD and SEM studies revealed the alloying of elemental powders as well as transition to nanostructured alloy, crystallite size of 18 nm was obtained after 28 hours of milling. Expansion/contraction in lattice parameter accompanied by reduction in crystallite size occurs during transition to nanostructured alloy. Longer milling duration introduces ordering in the alloyed powders as proved by the presence of superlattice reflection. Elemental and alloyed phase coexist while hardness increased during MEA. © 2009 Allerton Press, Inc.
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    Interparticle interactions and lacunarity of mechano-chemically activated fly ash
    (Elsevier, 2015) Patil, A.G.; Shanmugharaj, A.M.; Anandhan, S.
    A class F fly ash was subjected to high-energy ball milling-induced mechano-chemical activation aided by a surfactant. The resultant nanostructured fly ash was characterized by various techniques. X-ray fluorescence results showed that the amount of iron oxide was reduced from 4.39% to 2.75% after pre-treatment of fly ash by magnetic separation. Ethyl acetate as the milling medium, a ball to powder ratio of 12:1 and 2wt% of surfactant reduced the average particle size of fly ash to 329nm and led to a specific surface area of 8.73m2/g. The decrease in crystallite size of mechano-chemically activated fly ash was confirmed from a reduction in peak intensity with a broadened amorphous phase by X-ray diffraction studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic characterization illustrated that peak area of major elements (O, Si and Al) increased after milling. Morphological and FTIR studies revealed that the smooth and inert surface of the fly ash was converted to a rough and more reactive one after mechano-chemical activation. The surface modification of fly ash with the surfactant was determined from FTIR spectroscopy. Also, a fractal approach was used to characterize the lacunarity of the agglomerates in the nanostructured fly ash. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
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    Influence of planetary ball milling parameters on the mechano-chemical activation of fly ash
    (Elsevier, 2015) Patil, A.G.; Anandhan, S.
    This study illustrates the design of statistical analysis by Taguchi methodology to obtain nanostructured fly ash by planetary ball milling. An orthogonal array and analysis of variance were employed to analyze the effect of milling parameters. A class-F fly ash was subjected to planetary ball milling induced mechano-chemical activation aided by a surfactant. Ball milling parameters, such as ball-to-powder weight ratio, type and quantity of surfactant and type of medium were varied as guided by the Taguchi design. The nanostructured fly ash was characterized by dynamic light scattering, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The ball-to-powder weight ratio and the surfactant type are the major influencing factors on lower crystallite size and average particle size and higher specific surface area. The surface modification of fly ash was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The nano fly ash produced by this method has a wide application potential in polymer industries as reinforcement in composites. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
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    Nanostructured Fly Ash as Reinforcement in a Plastomer-Based Composite: A New Strategy in Value Addition to Thermal Power Station Fly Ash
    (Springer Netherlands, 2016) Patil, A.G.; Mahendran, A.; Anandhan, S.
    Class-F fly ash (FA) from a coal-fired thermal power station was subjected to high energy ball milling-induced mechanochemical activation aided by a surfactant. Subsequently, ethylene-octene copolymer/mechanochemically activated FA (EOC/MCA-FA) composites were prepared by solution casting. The surface modification of FA was confirmed from contact angle measurements and FTIR spectroscopy, which accounts for a good interaction between MCA-FA and the polymer matrix. X-ray diffraction reveals that the crystallite size of quartz phase present in FA got reduced, while the relative lattice strain on it increased during milling. Morphological studies revealed that interfacial adhesion between the polymer and MCA-FA is good and this accounts for the improvement in mechanical properties of the composites even at the minimum filler loading. Flame retardance of the matrix polymer is improved by the addition of either fresh FA or MCA-FA. The results imply that FA is a valuable reinforcing filler for ethylene-octene copolymer and its mechanochemical activation is an effective strategy for its future use. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
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    Characterization of composites based on biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) and nanostructured fly ash with an emphasis on polymer-filler interaction
    (SAGE Publications Ltd info@sagepub.co.uk, 2016) Patil, A.G.; SelvaKumar, M.; Anandhan, S.
    A thermal power station fly ash (FA) was mechanochemically activated by high-energy ball milling that yielded nanostructured FA. This nanostructured FA was incorporated into biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix by solution mixing and ultrasonication. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the smooth spherical particles of FA were changed into irregular and rough ones; in addition, the particle size of FA was reduced to a few hundred nanometers, and its specific surface area value increased after the high-energy milling process. All these factors, in turn, led to a thermodynamically favorable interaction between the mechanochemically activated FA and PVA as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The incorporation of a very small amount of the nanostructured FA led to an increase in crystallinity of the polymer matrix. The glass transition temperature of the PVA matrix increased by about 18°C when 5 wt% of the nanostructured FA was used as the reinforcement. © The Author(s) 2014.
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    Prediction of Bond's work index from field measurable rock properties
    (Elsevier B.V., 2016) Ram Chandar, K.; Deo, S.N.; Baliga, A.J.
    In mineral beneficiation, grinding is the final stage in the process of size reduction. The power consumed in this stage is higher when compared to other stages, owing to increased size reduction ratio. The primary purpose of grinding is to reduce the particle size to optimum so that mineral particles can be extracted more economically. Decision making plays an important role here, as it involves determining and comparing the energy that is required to perform the grinding process and also determining the amount of minerals lost as the coarser size particles are arrived at in mineral beneficiation. In general, Bond's work index is used to determine the grinding efficiency and also to calculate the power requirement. The process is very time consuming and it requires skilled labor and specialized mill. A systematic investigation was carried out to predict Bond's work index using simple field measurable properties of rocks. Tests were conducted on Basalt, Slate and Granite using a laboratory scale ball mill and rock properties namely density, Protodyakonov's strength index and rebound hardness number were determined. The results were analyzed using artificial neural networks and regression analysis. Mathematical equations were developed to predict Bond's work index based on rock properties using regression analysis, which resulted a very good correlation co-efficient values. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.