Faculty Publications
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Item Nonvolatile Memory Technologies: Characteristics, Deployment, and Research Challenges(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Rai, S.; Talawar, B.Nonvolatile memory (NVM) is a class of memory that exhibits persistence, similar to secondary memory, while providing access speeds at least an order of two magnitudes faster. In this area, phase change memory (PCM), spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM), and resistive RAM (ReRAM) have emerged as the major contenders for commercial and industrial use. With the enormous amount of data being generated, most recent applications demand huge memory footprints, large bandwidth, low energy consumption, and low price. Conventional DRAM-based memories face several issues, such as scalability and high static power consumption. Hence there is a necessity to build alternative memory devices to satisfy the demands of new applications. In this regard, NVMs are gaining prominence these days. This chapter gives a complete overview of the NVM devices, including characteristics, deployment, and challenges in integrating them at different levels of the memory hierarchy. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Item Survey of Leukemia Cancer Cell Detection Using Image Processing(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Devi, T.G.; Patil, N.; Rai, S.; Philipose, C.S.Cancer is the development of abnormal cells that divide at an abnormal pace, uncontrollably. Cancerous cells have the ability to destroy other normal tissues and can spread throughout the body. Cancer cells can develop in various parts of the body. The paper focuses on leukemia which is a type of blood cancer. Blood cancer usually start in the bone marrow where the blood is produced in the body. The types of blood cancer are: Leukemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and Multiple myeloma. Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that originates in the bone marrow. Leukemia is seen when the body produces an abnormal amount of white blood cells that hinder the bone marrow from creating red blood cells and platelets. Several detection methods to identify the cancerous cells have been proposed. Identification of the cancer cells through cell image processing is very complex. The use of computer aided image processing allows the images to be viewed in 2D and 3D making it easier to identify the cancerous cells. The cells have to undergo segmentation and classification in order to identify the cancerous tumours. Several papers propose segmentation methods, classification methods and some propose both. The purpose of this survey is to review various papers that use either conventional methods or machine learning methods to detect the cells as cancerous and non-cancerous. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item SOT-MRAM Based Main Memory: An Alternative to DRAM(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Rai, S.; Kallinatha, H.D.; Talawar, B.Data is generated enormously today and to process this we need large memories with high speed and optimized power consumption. Conventional DRAM based system which were used as memory in computing systems for several decades are facing challenges in scalability and power consumption. In this regard non-volatile memories with excellent scalability and minimal power consumption are studied extensively. This paper analyzes the impact of introducing SOT-MRAM a non-volatile main memory device as an alternative to DRAM. Experimental results show an average power reduction of 46.09% with an increase in performance up to 30% when DRAM is replaced with SOT-MRAM for embedded system workloads. © 2022 IEEE.Item DAIR: Data-Aware Inter-Reference distance based cache replacement for LLC in Systems with Hybrid Memory(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Rai, S.; Talawar, B.Cache replacement techniques designed for conventional DRAM-based memories do not consider the differential miss penalties of different memory technologies. Though replacement policies designed for hybrid memories do consider differential miss penalties of DRAM and NVM, there is less importance given to the content of the cache block. DAIR combines the content of the block with access locality to make the best use of hybrid memories. © 2023 IEEE.Item Analysis of power-performance trade-offs in DRAM-NVM based hybrid main memory(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023) Rai, S.; Talawar, B.Conventional DRAM based memory systems are facing issues such as scalability and high static energy consumption. Non-Volatile Memory devices are byte addressable, can withstand data even in the absence of power and provide good density; all these features have attracted them to be used in various levels of memory hierarchy. However there are few drawbacks because of which they cannot replace the existing memory devices. Hybrid Memory architectures are an amalgamation of two or more types of memory technologies which help to utilize benefits from both technologies. In this work, we have tried to analyze the impact of varying NVM size on power and performance in Hybrid DRAM-NVM based devices. The experimental results shows average power reduction of up to 46.2%, 63.7% when PCM was increased from 1GB to 2 GB and 3 GB, respectively. © 2023 Author(s).Item History aware interference distance based Page replacement policy for Hybrid Memory(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Rai, S.; Talawar, B.Hybrid memories comprising of DRAM-NVM or DRAM-CXL based devices are emerging as potential alternatives to overcome the drawbacks of monolithic DRAM based memories. This arrangement in the memory hierarchy will bring a paradigm shift and there is a necessity to re-look the existing policies. This work proposes an ideal page replacement policy for hybrid memories. © 2024 IEEEItem Standardizing LiDAR Surveying Practices for Accurate and Consistent Data Collection: Colorizing Point Clouds(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Vishwas, A.S.; Abhijith, P.A.; Umesh, P.; Gangadharan, K.V.; Rai, S.This paper discusses the importance of standardizing LiDAR surveying practices to ensure accurate and consistent data collection and analysis. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances and create 3D maps of the environment. With the increasing use of LiDAR in various industries, it is crucial to establish standardized procedures for data collection, processing, and reporting. The paper reviews current practices and identifies key areas that require standardization, including data acquisition parameters, quality control. The benefits of standardization include improved data quality and coloring the point cloud which improves visual interpretation. The paper discusses a simplified software algorithm for merging the point cloud and the panoramic image, which uses open-source hardware and software which provides scope for further modification and improvement. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.Item Migration and Replacement in Main Memory and Cache in Hybrid Memory Systems(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Rai, S.; Talawar, B.The continuous growth of data-intensive applications like big data analytics, machine learning and AI has led to an increasing demand for high-performance and energy-efficient memory systems. Traditional DRAM technology, while fast, suffers from significant power consumption and scalability issues. Conversely, Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies, offer lower static power consumption and higher density but lag in access speed and endurance. Hybrid memory systems, which combine DRAM and NVM, aim to provide the high-speed capabilities of DRAM with the energy efficiency and non-volatility of NVM. The amalgamation of two technologies requires various modifications for the existing monolithic DRAM-based systems. In this paper, power-performance trade-offs, migration, page replacement and cache replacement for developing energy efficient hybrid memory are explored. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.Item Challenges in Design, Data Placement, Migration and Power-Performance Trade-offs in DRAM-NVM-based Hybrid Memory Systems(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Rai, S.; Talawar, B.DRAM-NVM-based hybrid memory opens up a varied range of power-performance-area operational configurations through page migration between the high-performance DRAM and the reliable NVM. The amalgamation of two technologies requires various modifications for the existing monolithic DRAM-based systems. This paper summarizes the current research work in the areas of data placement and page migration in hybrid memories. The challenges and design solutions from a range of NVMs-PCM, STT-RAM, ReRAM is presented. This paper also identifies several research challenges in these areas. © 2023 IETE.Item 2-[(4-tert-Butyl-anilino)(phen-yl)meth-yl]cyclo-hexa-none(2009) Fun, H.-K.; Chantrapromma, S.; Rai, S.; Shetty, P.; Isloor, A.M.In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C23H29NO, the cyclo-hexa-none ring has been distorted from the standard chair conformation by the ketone group such that part of the ring is almost flat. The remaining [(4-tert-butyl-anilino)(phen-yl)meth-yl] portion of the mol-ecule is in an equatorial position on the cyclo-hexa-none ring. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 81.52 (8)°. In the crystal packing, mol-ecules are linked by N - H?O hydrogen bonds into infinite one-dimensional chains along the a axis and these chains are stacked down the c axis. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C - H?O and C - H?? inter-actions.