Faculty Publications
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Item Introduction tо Microwave Photonics(SPIE, 2025) Raghuwanshi, S.K.; Singh, M.; Kumar, R.; Kumar, S.Microwave photonics is a rapidly growing field that lies at the intersection of microwave engineering and optics. The integration of photonics and microwave engineering has opened up new possibilities for high-speed communication, radar and sensing systems, and signal processing applications. This book contains both the basic theory and the experimental techniques to demonstrate the interdisciplinary applications of microwave photonic systems. It discusses the underlying concepts, techniques, and devices used in microwave photonics, as well as the latest advances in the photonic generation, processing, and distribution of arbitrary microwave waveforms. The role of fiber Bragg grating in microwave photonic systems is described from a dispersion compensation point of view. The book also provides a deeper understanding of microwave photonic sensor systems, highly steerable beamforming systems, and photonic excitation of antenna—the process of exciting the antenna using light or photons instead of electrical signals—with applications in aerospace, defense, telecommunication, and biomedical sensing. Overall, microwave photonics is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the interaction between light and microwaves. Its unique features, including high-speed, low-power consumption and large bandwidth, make it an attractive technology for future applications. This book is intended for researchers, engineers, and students who are interested in this exciting and rapidly evolving field. © 2025 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). All rights reserved.Item Storage and transmission of cardiac data with medical images(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007) Acharya, R.; Subbanna Bhat, P.S.; Niranjan, U.C.; Kumar, S.; Kannathal, N.; Min, L.C.; Suri, J.S.The landscape of healthcare delivery and medical data management has significantly changed over the last years, as a result of the significant advancements in information and communication technologies. Complementary and/or alternative solutions are needed to meet the new challenges, especially regarding security of the widely distributed sensitive medical information. Digital watermarking is a technique of hiding specific identification data for copyright authentication. The DICOM standard is one method to include demographic information, such as patient information and X-ray exposure facilities, in image data. The DICOM standard is a standard that can be used regularly to record demographic information onto the image data header section. Regarding DICOM format images, information on patients and X-ray exposure facilities can be obtained easily from them. On the other hand, general-purpose image formats, such as the JPEG format, offer no standard that can be used regularly to record demographic information onto the header section. Digital watermark technologies [1-8] can be used to embed demographic information in image data. Digital watermarking have several other uses, such as fingerprinting, authentication, integrity verification purposes, content labeling, usage control and content protection [9, 10]. The efficient utilization of bandwidth of communication channel and storage space can be achieved, when the reduction in data size is done. Recently, Giakoumaki et al, have presented a review of research in the area of medical-oriented watermarking and proposed a wavelet-based multiple watermarking scheme. This scheme aimed to address critical health information management issues, including origin and data authentication, protection of sensitive data, and image archiving and retrieval [11]. Their experimental results on different medical imaging modalities demonstrated the efficiency and transparency of the watermarking scheme. The digital watermarking technique is adapted in this chapter for interleaving patient information with medical images, to reduce storage and transmission overheads. The text data is encrypted before interleaving with images to ensure greater security. The graphical signals are compressed and subsequently interleaved with the image. Differential pulse code modulation and adaptive delta modulation techniques are employed for data compression as well as encryption and results are tabulated for a specific example. Adverse effects of channel induced random errors and burst errors on the text data are countered by employing repetition code, Hamming code and R-S code techniques.Item Security issues in mobile ad hoc networks: A survey(IGI Global, 2015) Kumar, S.; Dutta, K.A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organizing, infrastructure-less network of mobile nodes connecting by wireless links. In operation, the nodes of MANETs do not have a central control mechanism. It is known for its properties of routable network, where each node acts as a router to forward packets to other specific nodes in the network. The unique properties of MANET have made it useful for large number of applications and led to a number of security challenges. Security in the mobile ad hoc network is a very critical job and requires the consideration of different security issues on all the layers of communication. The countermeasures are the functions that reduce or eliminate security vulnerabilities and attacks. This chapter provides a comprehensive study of all prominent attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks described in the literature. It also provides various proactive and reactive approaches proposed to secure the MANETs. Moreover, it also points to areas of research that need to be investigated in the future. © 2016, IGI Global. All rights reserved.Item Mechanical properties of pavement quality concrete produced with reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates(Springer, 2019) Panditharadhya, B.J.; Mulangi, R.H.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.; Kumar, S.Production of conventional coarse aggregates for concrete works is getting difficult because of depleting natural resources and environmental ill effects. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates, which are produced from asphalt waste generated during removal of flexible pavement. The disposal problems of asphalt waste generated is also addressed with this step. The properties of RAP aggregates may vary with the source of waste generation and the age of the asphalt. This study is taken up to determine the strength characteristics of pavement quality concrete produced with RAP aggregates produced with asphalt waste generated at local road construction site. Properties such as compression strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and water absorption were determined for the specimen with varying percentage of RAP replacement. The asphalt waste was processed further with screening to obtain the required gradation. RAP aggregates were replaced with conventional aggregates by 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%. Mix with 60% conventional granite aggregates and 40% RAP aggregates was found to satisfy the requirements of M30 grade concrete that can be used for producing concrete for constructing the roads with lower traffic volume. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.Item Distributed Cloud Deep Learning Architecture for Complex Image Analysis and Run-time Prediction Tool(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Kumar, S.; Thomas, E.; Horo, A.; Annappa, B.Hyperspectral imaging is a rare research tool and has been transformed into a commodity product found in a wide field. Currently, standard data processing methods that specialize in special hyperspectral accumulation structures are required. Also, with the advent of data collection and development in the field of sensory devices, it has rendered previous processing tools in vain. To manage this huge increase in the amount of data, a consistent cloud distribution method is required. Hyperspectral images (HSIs) have several spectral band channels that make the study very difficult. In this paper, an in-depth reading method of the novel with a modified autoencoder is proposed as a cloud-based use of HSI analysis, which provides a measure of lesser error rates and high accuracy of classification models. In line with this, a list of four tools has been proposed to calculate the actual number of workers, cores, and iterations required to achieve the desired accuracy for a specified amount of run-time. This will help cloud managers get a basic idea of computational needs and help them allocate resources more efficiently. The entire architecture was simulated on Spark servers and was verified experimentally by checking that the proposed architecture performs the function of efficient management and analysis of large HSI. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Mm-wave cmos power amplifiers for 5g(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Gorre, P.; Kumar, R.; Song, H.; Kumar, S.The chapter discusses the basic elements in the design of mm-wave CMOS Power Amplifier (PA) for phased arrays integration, focusing the next-generation 5G mobile communication. Power Amplifier design metrics, along with implementation of beam-forming phased arrays to merge power over-the-air are discussed in brief. The explanation begins with CMOS unique advantages, real-time handset challenges, system-level constraints, and design challenges are conceptually demonstrated with the help of a basic single-stage transistor Power Amplifier. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.Item Techniques to improve gain-bandwidth 5g ics(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Vignesh, R.; Kumar, R.; Song, H.; Kumar, S.This chapter introduces a basics of designs and techniques to improve gain-bandwidth for 5G ICs. The major focus would be on the various network topologies that yield to provide easy implementation of on-chip components for 5G-ICs. Section 1 discusses the basics of RLC tank networks, which includes RC parallel network, RLC network and series to parallel resonant network. The parameters such as quality factor, noise of filter networks are shortly refresh while foundation of resonant circuits would set-up for 5G transceiver ICs. Section 2 introduces coupled resonator networks can be used as microwave components to achieve a better gain-bandwidth trade-off. Finally, Sect. 3 will provide transformer resonators and circuit to reduce bulky components and enhance gain-bandwidth of ICs. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.Item Role of Genomics in Smart Era and Its Application in COVID-19(Taylor and Francis, 2023) Kumar, S.; Bhowmik, B.Genomics is a rapidly developing field that aims to understand the whole inherited traits of an organism, including its structure, function, and evolution. The purpose of genomics is to gain a detailed understanding of the biological basis for human disease, to explore the genetic variation of several species and humans, and also to enhance rural livelihoods and farming practices. The motivation to completely comprehend the complex biological processes that regulate life on earth and to put this knowledge to enhance people’s lives, improve food security, and safeguard the environment has driven the growth of genomics technologies. The discovery of the genetic roots of human diseases and other complex traits is one of the main goals of genomics, which may lead to the development of treatments and medications. Researchers can find similar genetic pathways and mechanisms to develop drugs and medicines for a broad range of diseases by comparing the genomes of many species. With the introduction of new technologies and advancements in deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing, genomics has evolved into a powerful tool for solving life’s riddles and transforming the lives of people from all over the world. By comparing the genomes of DNA sequencing disorders, researchers can uncover the genes responsible for desirable characteristics such as improved genetics, disease resistance, and better efficiency. This information is essential to develop populations of organisms better adaptable to evolving biological conditions. This chapter provides an overview of genomics, including its background, key attributes, and various types and application areas. The numerous challenges in genomics are also addressed in this chapter, including dealing with large genomes, sequencing and retrieving genetic data, comprehending the features of potential pathogens, and analyzing pathogen sequence trends. The chapter also addresses recent advances in genomics, such as its involvement in the COVID-19 pandemic and the most sophisticated techniques used in the discipline. The development of artificial intelligence in genomics and its usage in COVID-19 research are also discussed in this chapter. Moreover, this chapter provides a comprehensive insight into the evolution, present condition, and future potential of genomics research. Overall, the purpose of the chapter is to understand the problems and accomplishments in genomics and how it may assist healthcare systems. © 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLC.Item Industry 4.0: Design Principles, Challenges, and Applications(wiley, 2024) Girish, K.K.; Kumar, S.; Bhowmik, B.The era of the industrial revolution witnessed the widespread adoption of machines and new manufacturing processes, which led to increased productivity and economic growth around the globe. Subsequently, the progressive shift from the previous industrial revolutions toward “Industry 4.0,” also called the Fourth Industrial Revolution, represents a significant milestone in human history. The emergence of Industry 4.0 lays the groundwork for a profound social and technological breakthrough that has the potential to transform the global landscape substantially. Industry 4.0 is characterized by the incorporation of digital technologies, including the cyber-physical system (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and big data into the manufacturing sector. The aim of Industry 4.0 is to develop a manufacturing sector that is more productive, adaptable, and linked with the aid of digital technologies. Increasing global competition, evolving customer demands, cost reduction, technological advancements, sustainability, and shortage of skilled labor are significant factors driving the motivation behind Industry 4.0. By automating procedures, cutting down on downtime, and improving efficiency, digital technology integration is transforming traditional manufacturing operations into smart factories. Smart factories are characterized by interconnected machines, equipment, and systems that communicate with each other and humans in real time. This connectivity enables manufacturers to monitor and control their operations more effectively, make better-informed decisions, and optimize their processes to achieve maximum efficiency and profitability. This chapter provides details of Industry 4.0, including its current trends, design principles, and applications. The chapter describes the basics of Industry 4.0, its emergence, and critical technologies. Further, the chapter details Industry 4.0 architecture, design principles, and associated challenges, including technical challenges, workforce upskilling, integration with legacy systems, and ethical concerns. Thus, this chapter provides a comprehensive insight into recent developments in the domain, the paradigm shifts toward Industry 5.0, and various prospects. The chapter elucidates salient problems, interests, and issues around these broad themes. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Item Investigation on Corrosion Behavior of Polydimethylsiloxane and Nanofillers-Based Polymer Nanocomposite Coated Galvanized Iron(Springer, 2025) Kumar, P.; Kumar, S.; Ramesh, M.R.; Doddamani, M.The paper focuses on developing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and nanofillers (ZnO and SiO2) based polymer nanocomposite solutions for coating galvanized iron (GI) using sol–gel dip coating method and investigating its corrosion behavior. The nanofillers in varying wt.% (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) are incorporated in the solution of PDMS and xylene for developing a nanocomposite coating solution. The solutions are characterized by pH, viscosity, and non-volatile matter. It is observed that all the solutions are basic. The viscosity (10.28–47.43%) and the non-volatile matter (8.06–15%) of the solutions are observed to be increasing with an increasing nanofiller % as compared to the base solution (PDMS and xylene). The developed solutions are coated on the GI substrate and tested for wettability, XRD, FTIR, and electrochemical responses. The wettability and the XRD tests confirm the hydrophobic and amorphous nature of the coated surface, respectively. The Si–O–Si groups are observed at 1088 cm−1. The electrochemical analysis shows that the impedance resistance of the coated surfaces is higher than that of the surface coated with the base solution. Further, the corrosion rate of the coated surfaces decreases with the % of the nanofillers. The coating with 10% nanofillers exhibited the highest impedance resistance and the lowest corrosion rate, finding applications in construction, marine, and naval. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.