Conference Papers
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Item The Need for Unsaturated Soil Mechanics: A Brief Review(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Ujwala Shenoy, K.; Babu Narayan, K.S.B.; Sunil, B.M.Soils exhibit seasonal saturation and desiccation, often resulting in varying degrees of moisture content. In practice, soil is seldom fully saturated. When it is completely dry or wet, it behaves as a two-phase system. Otherwise, the moisture content within the interstices of soil vary, leading to partially saturated conditions. Unsaturated soil condition has significant influence on soil behaviour. This paper presents a brief review of the emergence of unsaturated soil mechanics and its applications. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Numerical Modelling of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls for Slope Protection(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Reshma, P.R.; Sridhar, S.Slope failure also known as ‘mass wasting’ is the downward movement of rock or debris under the influence of gravity as a result of several natural and manmade triggers. Mechanically stabilized earth wall is one of the popular methods for stabilizing unstable slopes using of extensible or inextensible reinforcements. This paper presents the analytical and numerical analysis carried out on a mechanically stabilized earth wall for the protection of unstable natural sloping ground. The analytical modelling was done as per the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guidelines. The numerical modelling was carried out using the finite element method (FEM) software, PLAXIS 2D. The major objective of the numerical study was to analyse the most influential parameters to be taken care of during the design of MSE wall for slope stability. The numerical studies of slopes were carried out with and without reinforcement. The effects of variation of parameters, such as length, axial stiffness and spacing of reinforcement, cohesion and angle of internal friction of reinforced fill, were analysed. It is observed that, with increase in cohesion and angle of internal friction of retained soil, slope stability has improved significantly. Also, increase in reinforcement parameters such as length and axial stiffness resulted in improved slope stability. But the increase in reinforcement spacing had a negative effect, which resulted in the decreased factor of safety of soil slopes. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Seismic Slope Stability Analysis Using Pseudo-static Approach(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Mishra, P.; Venkataramana, K.Ensuring the stability of slopes under the action of an earthquake is always a challenging problem for geotechnical engineers. As earthquake is one of the major factors responsible for the failure of slopes, it becomes necessary to carry out comprehensive research on the stability analysis of slopes subjected to earthquake-induced loads. Many researchers have developed several methods to analyse the stability behaviour of slope, but till now the failure behaviour has not been understood properly because of the complexity of earthquake loading. With the above background, this study presents a numerical analysis, performed in PLAXIS 3D, to investigate the stability of slopes subjected to earthquake-induced loadings using pseudo-static approach. Also, parametric studies have been carried out to better understand the effects of different parameters (soil properties, slope dimensions, earthquake loadings, etc.) on the Factor of Safety (FOS) and displacement of the slope. The stability of a slope is best assessed in terms of its FOS, which is computed by the strength reduction technique. Analyses’ results show that the slope can sustain a maximum displacement of 442.80 mm, while slope height is varied till the failure point keeping all other parameters constant. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.Item Earthquake-Induced Landslides in India—An Overview of Causes, Effects and Mitigation Strategies(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Ajesh Sankar, M.; Sreevalsa, K.This review paper examines the landslides triggered by significant earthquakes in India over the past two decades, focusing on their causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. The present study examines detailed case histories of earthquake-induced landslides from Kashmir (2005), Sikkim (2011), Gorkha (2015), Uttarakhand (2017), and Assam (2021) earthquakes. It has been observed that landslides are often associated with an earthquake of magnitude four or more. Also, the reported peak ground accelerations (PGA) were more than 0.05 g, sufficiently triggering the landslides. Other common factors contributing to the landslides are fragile geological conditions, steep slopes, hydrological influences, and human activities. The review highlights the distinct topographical and geological vulnerabilities of the Himalayan and northeastern parts of India. The paper also evaluates the effectiveness of various mitigation strategies adopted for effective future risk management. The findings aim to enhance the understanding and preparedness for earthquake-induced landslides, contributing to developing more resilient infrastructure. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item Numerical Analysis of Geocell Retaining Wall for Slope Stabilization of Netravathi River Bank(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Anjana, S.; Menon, V.; Kolathayar, S.Stability of slopes is a major concern when it comes to construction near hills, excavations, embankments and river banks. Geosynthetics and geotextiles have proven to be extremely efficient in slope stabilization and landslide protection, among which the use of geocells has been drastically increasing. It is made up of geogrid like materials that give it sufficient tensile strength. This paper focuses on the use of geocells to construct a retaining wall to support an existing backfill. The study area is located at a Netravathi River bank which belongs to a temple in South Mangalore city. The aim of the work is to prevent flooding of the temple during heavy rainfall and the erosion of banks. Numerical analyses have been carried out by Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) using GEO5 software and Finite Element Method (FEM) using PLAXIS 2D software. The results of displacements and factor of safeties have been compared for both methods to determine if the proposed structure is stable. Geocell retaining wall has been developed in PLAXIS 2D using a soil geocell equivalent composite model due to the difficulties of modelling its actual honeycomb like structure. The structure gives sufficient safety for static as well as pseudo static condition for different water levels hence preventing further erosion of existing soil. The design provided for the present work gives a factor of safety of 1.69 in LEM analysis and 1.90 in FEM analysis for the rapid drawdown condition in a psuedo dynamic analysis. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.