Conference Papers
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Item 0.5 V, 36μW Gm-C butterworth low pass filter in 0.18μm CMOS process(2012) Vasantha, M.H.; Laxminidhi, T.This paper presents a low voltage, low power continuous-time (G m-C) 4th order low pass Butterworth filter with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1MHz and capable of operating at supply voltage as low as 0.5V in 0.18 μm. The filter uses bulk-driven technique for achieving the necessary head-room. The simulation results show that the filter has a peak-to-peak signal swing of 1.2V (differential) for 1% THD and a dynamic range of 54 dB. The power consumed by the filter is 36μW when operating at a voltage of 0.5 V. The Figure of Merit (FOM) achieved by the filter is 0.05 fJ and is found to be lowest among the similar filters found in the literature. © 2012 IEEE.Item 0.5 V, low power, 1 MHz low pass filter in 0.18 μm CMOS process(2012) Vasantha, M.H.; Laxminidhi, T.In this paper a low power continuous-time 4th order low pass Butterworth filter operating at power supply of 0.5 V is presented. A 3-dB bandwidth of 1 MHz using technology node of 0.18 μm is achieved. In order to achievenecessary head-room, the filter uses pseudo-differential bulk-driven transconductor. A master-slave based common modefeedback(CMFB) circuit sets the output common mode voltageof transconductor. The simulation results show that the filter has a dynamic range of 54 dB and consumes a total power of 36 μW when operating at a supply voltage of 0.5 V. The Figure of Merit (FOM) achieved by the filter is 0.05 fJ, lowest among similar low-voltage filters found in the literature. The simulation result show that the 3-dB bandwidth variation for process, voltage and temperature is less than ±10%. © 2012 IEEE.Item 1-D CNN for Mineral Classification using Hyperspectral Data(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Yadav, P.P.; Shetty, A.; Raghavendra, B.S.; Narasimhadhan, A.V.Hyperspectral Image (HSI) is a potent remote sensing (RS) technique, capturing images over numerous narrow, contiguous spectral bands. Unlike traditional RS methods, HSI offers detailed spectral insights for each pixel, enhancing comprehension of the Earth's surface and its contents. Initially intended for mining and geology, its application has expanded across various domains. Yet, mineral identification poses challenges due to spectral signature variations and limited ground truth. Despite various advanced algorithms, including machine learning, no dedicated Deep Learning (DL) expert system exists for mineral classification in HSI. DL models require abundant training data and ground-truth, which are scarce in hyperspectral mineral data. Introducing the 1-D CNN model as a proposed method, we focus on enhancing mineral classification by increasing the available training data. The utilization of augmented training samples through the 1-D CNN model tackles the challenge of limited ground truth data, enabling accurate classification of mineral classes. © 2023 IEEE.Item 1.5°C accurate CMOS temperature sensor with a single point trim at 85°C(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016) Hareesh, P.K.; Laxmindhi, T.This paper presents a temperature sensor with an accuracy of 1.5°C. The paper analyzes inaccuracy of the existing temperature sensors and outlines the techinques to overcome them. The sensor is based on a CMOS current reference which is almost constant over process/corner and voltage variation. Most of the techniques known today for generating a process and voltage independent current source have very stringent constraints on sizing of the transistors. The current source proposed in the paper relaxes such constraints thus easing the portability across various technology nodes. The sensor designed in TSMC 28 nm CMOS process offers the accuracy of 1.5°C over a temperature range of-40°C to 125°C with a single point trim at 85°C. The sensor consumes a power of 90 μW of power when operating on 1.8 V supply. © 2016 IEEE.Item (2,1)-Lagged fibonacci generators using elliptic curves over finite fields(2009) Shankar, B.R.; Karuna Kamath, K.A novel pseudorandom sequence generator is presented in this paper. The genesis of this new generator is evolved from the concept of Lagged Fibonacci generator[1] applied to points on elliptic curves over a finite field. It is observed that the generator has a long period. Also a successful statistical testing of the randomness attributes of the given generator, in accordance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology test suite, admits to a key stream source that is in conformance with the Advanced Encryption Standard for data encryption. © 2009 IEEE.Item 2019-nCoV disease control and rehabilitation: Insights from twitter analytics(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Chetty, N.; Alathur, S.; Kumar, V.Coronaviruses are the large family of viruses and life threatening with the capabilities to cause respiratory related diseases. The current outbreak of 2019-nCoV (novel Coronavirus) is challenging governance authorities and health care systems around the globe. The epidemic of 2019-nCoV is affecting people globally. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current status of disease control and rehabilitation in relation to outbreak of 2019-nCoV. In this regard, the Twitter social media contents are collected, analyzed and interpreted. Using a set of appropriate keywords, 110000 tweets are extracted from Twitter social media. The collected tweets are first pre-processed and then analyzed with a software developed in R language. The discussions on social media in relation to the outbreak of 2019-nCoV involves disease control, rehabilitation and anti-rehabilitation. Expressions involving specific locations revealed that the discussions are more oriented towards antirehabilitation than rehabilitation and disease control. The content analysis also revealed that the outbreak epidemic victimizes those who possess weaker immune system. © 2020 IEEE.Item 2AI&7D Model of Resistomics to Counter the Accelerating Antibiotic Resistance and the Medical Climate Crisis(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Talukder, A.K.; Chakrabarti, P.; Chaudhuri, B.N.; Sethi, T.; Lodha, R.; Haas, R.E.The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis is referred to as ‘Medical Climate Crisis’. Inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs is driving the resistance evolution in pathogenic microorganisms. In 2014 it was estimated that by 2050 more people will die due to antimicrobial resistance compared to cancer. It will cause a reduction of 2% to 3.5% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and cost the world up to 100 trillion USD. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics for COVID-19 patients has accelerated the resistance rate. COVID-19 reduced the window of opportunity for the fight against AMR. This man-made crisis can only be averted through accurate actionable antibiotic knowledge, usage, and a knowledge driven Resistomics. In this paper, we present the 2AI (Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Intelligence) and 7D (right Diagnosis, right Disease-causing-agent, right Drug, right Dose, right Duration, right Documentation, and De-escalation) model of antibiotic stewardship. The resistance related integrated knowledge of resistomics is stored as a knowledge graph in a Neo4j properties graph database for 24 × 7 access. This actionable knowledge is made available through smartphones and the Web as a Progressive Web Applications (PWA). The 2AI&7D Model delivers the right knowledge at the right time to the specialists and non-specialist alike at the point-of-action (Stewardship committee, Smart Clinic, and Smart Hospital) and then delivers the actionable accurate knowledge to the healthcare provider at the point-of-care in realtime. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item 3-D radar imaging using extended 2-D range migration technique(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Nagarad, S.R.; Sourabh, A.S.; Shripathi Acharya, U.S.; Srihari, P.; Prasad, S.; Rao, P.H.A three dimensional (3-D) imaging system is implemented by employing 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA) for frequency modulated continuous wave synthetic aperture radar (FMCW-SAR). The backscattered data of a 1-D synthetic aperture at specific altitudes are coherently integrated to form 2-D images. These 2-D images at different altitudes are stitched vertically to form a 3-D image. Numerical simulation for near-field scenario are also presented to validate the proposed algorithm. © 2017 IEEE.Item 3-Dimensional numerical study of cooling performance of a heat sink with air-water flow through mini-channel(American Institute of Physics Inc. subs@aip.org, 2016) Majumder, S.; Majumder, A.; Bhaumik, S.The present microelectronics market demands devices with high power dissipation capabilities having enhanced cooling per unit area. The drive for miniaturizing the devices to even micro level dimensions is shooting up the applied heat flux on such devices, resulting in complexity in heat transfer and cooling management. In this paper, a method of CPU processor cooling is introduced where active and passive cooling techniques are incorporated simultaneously. A heat sink consisting of fins is designed, where water flows internally through the mini-channel fins and air flows externally. Three dimensional numerical simulations are performed for large set of Reynolds number in laminar region using finite volume method for both developing flows. The dimensions of mini-channel fins are varied for several aspect ratios such as 1, 1.33, 2 and 4. Constant temperature (T) boundary condition is applied at heat sink base. Channel fluid temperature, pressure drop are analyzed to obtain best cooling option in the present study. It has been observed that as the aspect ratio of the channel decreases Nusselt number decreases while pressure drop increases. However, Nusselt number increases with increase in Reynolds number. © 2016 Author(s).Item 3D AttU-NET for Brain Tumor Segmentation with a Novel Loss Function(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Roy, R.; Annappa, B.; Dodia, S.In the United States of America (USA), every year 150,000 patients are registered with a secondary brain tumor that is not generated in the brain. This necessitates the need for early brain tumor detection, which in turn will help patients to live longer. For clinical evaluation and treatment, precise segmentation of brain tumors in MRI images is required. This process can be aided by machine learning and efficient image processing, but manual imaging can be time-consuming. In this study, we aim to develop an 3D automated segmentation algorithm with a novel loss function. A 3D attention UNET CNN model was trained using the novel loss function, which was calculated by taking the weighted average of dice loss and focal loss to overcome the class imbalance. Results show the enhancement in the segmentation performance of attention UNET model with an average increase of 5% in the Dice coefficient for all three classes. However, the model's performance was not as strong for enhanced and core tumors. Further research may be needed to optimize performance in these areas. . © 2023 IEEE.Item 3D Estimation and visualization of motion in a multicamera network for sports(2011) Kumar, A.; Chavan, P.S.; Sharatchandra, V.K.; Sumam David, S.S.; Kelly, P.; O’Connor, N.E.In this work, we develop image processing and computer vision techniques for visually tracking a tennis ball, in 3D, on a court instrumented with multiple low-cost IP cameras. The technique first obtains 2D ball tracking data from each camera view using 2D object tracking methods. Next, an automatic feature-based video synchronization method is applied. This technique uses the extracted 2D ball information from two or more camera views, plus camera calibration information. In order to find 3D trajectory, the temporal 3D locations of the ball is estimated using triangulation of correspondent 2D locations obtained from automatically synchronized videos. Furthermore, in order to improve the continuity of the tracked 3D ball during times when no two cameras have overlapping views of the ball location, we incorporate a physics-based trajectory model into the system. The resultant 3D ball tracks are then visualized in a virtual 3D graphical environment. Finally, we quantify the accuracy of our system in terms of reprojection error. © 2011 IEEE.Item 3D face reconstruction using frontal and profile views(IEEE Computer Society help@computer.org, 2013) Narayana, S.; Rohit; Rajagopal; Rakshith; Antony, J.We present a methodical approach for 3-D face reconstruction. Two orthogonal images, the frontal and profile views of the face, are used with a constructed generic model to obtain the 3-D face model. The need for 3-D face modelling has been growing due to its application in biometrics, forensic, animation, gaming etc. Face localization in the image is performed using fast skin colour detection technique. Feature points from the face images are identified and extracted. Global deformation and local deformation techniques are applied to deform the 3-D generic face model constructed using the feature points extracted, to obtain the 3-D face model. The 3D model of the face reconstructed will be of high accuracy and high clarity. © 2013 IEEE.Item 3d nano capacitors using electrodeposited nickel nanowires in porous anodic alumina template(Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, 2019) Viegas, A.E.; Dutta, S.; Rekha, S.; Bobji, M.S.; Raghavan, S.; Bhat, N.We report the fabrication and characterization of a new design of 3D nano Capacitors using Alumina nanopores as the dielectric material. Nickel nanowires grown inside the nanopores act as high surface area electrodes. These wires are combined together in the form interdigitated capacitor structure, to achieve very high capacitance density. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.Item 3D printable modules for manually reconfigurable manipulator with desired D-H parameters(Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2020) Marebal, D.; Guruprasad, K.R.Modular robots are designed to increase the utilization of robots by modularizing their architecture. We discuss manually reconfigurable manipulators, where a manipulator of desired kinematic configuration is built by assembling the available modules. In the case of a serial-link manipulator with revolute joints, the joint angle is a variable. Out of the remaining three D-H parameters, namely, link-length, link-offset and link-twist, the twist angle influences the workspace the most. This work proposes a conceptual design and fabrication of individual modules which can be assembled to obtain a modular manipulator with desired kinematic configuration in terms of twist angles between any two consecutive joints. We also discuss possible provisions for length adjustment of a link. Designed modules are fabricated using 3D printer. As we focus on manually reconfigurable manipulators, simplicity of individual modules, in terms design, fabrication, and assembly, has been given higher priority, in contrast to similar designs available in the literature. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item 3D Printing & Mechanical Characteristion of Polylactic Acid and Bronze Filled Polylactic Acid Components(Institute of Physics Publishing helen.craven@iop.org, 2018) Aveen, K.P.; Vishwanath Bhajathari, F.; Jambagi, S.C.Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies have emerged as fabrication methods to obtain engineering components within a short span of time. Desktop 3D printing, also referred as Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology is a powerful method of rapid prototyping technique that can fabricate three-dimensional engineering components. Poly Lactic acid (PLA) is a green alternative to petrochemical commodity plastics, used in packaging, agricultural products, disposable materials, textiles, and automotive composites, 3-D printing technology enables fabrication of PLA and bronze filled PLA, which has less tensile and flexural modulus. In order for 3D printed parts to be useful for engineering applications, the mechanical properties of the material will play an important role in the functioning of the components. In the present study, commercial grade PLA & bronze filled PLA has been considered as material for preparation of samples using desktop 3D printer. The samples were tested for their mechanical characteristics like Tensile and flexural strength properties. The test Samples were fabricated using 3D printing with different layer height and with different layer build-up speed. Comparison between the PLA & bronze filled PLA based on the experimental results are discussed and found PLA has superior tensile and flexural property when compared to Bronze filled PLA. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Item 3D-Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks for Brain Tumour Segmentation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Magar, P.K.; Naik, D.Gliomas, the most common primary brain tumor, exhibit significant heterogeneity in their prognosis, aggressiveness, and histological composition, encompassing areas such as necrotic cores, enhancing and non-enhancing tumor cores, and peritumoral edema. While multimodal MRI is invaluable for brain tumor detection, precise tumor segmentation remains challenging. To overcome this, a novel 3D volume-to-volume GAN, termed the 3D-Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (3D-cGAN), was developed for the brain tumor segmentation, leveraging data from the 2020 BraTS Challenge. This model utilizes multi channel 3D MRI images to accurately segment core, whole, and enhancing tumor regions. Employing a batch size of 4 and an alpha value of 2, the model demonstrates remarkable accuracy on the BraTS 2020 dataset, achieving a Dice score of 0.8286 and IoU score of 0.7111. © 2024 IEEE.Item 3D-Printing Technology: A Review(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Mahapatra, R.K.; Kaliyath, Y.; Shet, N.S.V.; Satapathi, G.S.; Mahapatro, S.R.; Lakshmu Naidu, M.L.The process of digital fabrication, commonly known as 3D printing, involves gradually adding materials to a geometric representation to produce actual items. The advantages of 3D printing for industrial use include little material waste, simple manufacturing, minimal human participation, minimal post-processing, and energy efficiency. In this study, we provide insights on the development of 3D printing, its history, current state, uses, and potential future directions. There is a detailed explanation of various materials that work with each sort of 3D printing procedure. © 2024 IEEE.Item 91dB dynamic range 9.5nW low pass filter for bio-medical applications(IEEE Computer Society help@computer.org, 2018) Jayaram Reddy, M.K.; Polineni, S.; Laxminidhi, L.This paper presents a second order, fully differential, low pass filter. The filter has a tunable bandwidth in the range 4 Hz to 100 Hz and offers a dynamic range of 91 dB. The filter is based on the source-follower biquad operating in the sub-Threshold region. The main idea is to exploit the strengths of sub-Threshold source follower circuit, like low noise, low output impedance, high linearity and low power. The filter design has been validated in UMC 0.18 um CMOS process. The filter consumes only 9.5 nW of power at 1.8 V supply, making it suitable for bio-medical applications. In terms of noise and dynamic range the reported filter is better than previous works found from the literature. © 2018 IEEE.Item A 0.5 V, 1 nA Switched Capacitor PTAT Current Reference Circuit(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Hanumantha Rao, G.; Rekha, S.This paper presents a low voltage, low power Proportional to Absolute Temperature (PTAT) current reference circuit. Switched capacitor is used instead of a large resistor, which in turn reduces the area of the circuit and makes the circuit less process sensitive. The proposed circuit has been designed using UMC 65 nm CMOS technology and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso. It generates a reference current (Iref) of 1 nA at 0.5 V supply voltage (Vdd) at room temperature (27°C) and follows PTAT characteristics in the temperature range of -10°C to 80°C. The total power consumption of the circuit is as low as 1.5 nW. The supply voltage sensitivity of Iref is 2.7 %/V, which shows that the proposed circuit is less sensitive to supply voltage variations. Index Terms - Low voltage, Low power, PTAT current, Switched capacitor. © 2019 IEEE.Item A 0.5 V, 20 μw pseudo differential 500 kHz Gm-C low pass filter in 0.18 μm CMOS technology(2012) Vasantha, M.H.; Laxminidhi, T.Scaling of supply voltage due to shrinking in the device sizes has lead to bulk driven circuit techniques specially for analog circuits that operate at low supply voltages. In this paper we present a bulk driven pseudo differential low power, continuous time Cochlea 2 nd order Butterworth low pass filter operating at a supply voltage of 0.5 V. The filter uses Gm-C technique in 0.18 μm n-well standard CMOS process and has a bandwidth of 500 kHz. Simulations results have shown that the filter offers a dynamic range of 48 dB while consuming a power of 20 μW. Simulated Figure of Merit (FOM) is found to be 0.52 fJ and is found to be the lowest among similar low voltage filters found in literature. The percentage change in transconductance is less than μ5% for temperature variation of 0-70°C at 0.5 V supply voltage and across five process corners. © 2012 IEEE.