Conference Papers
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Item Ethereum Blockchain Enabled Secure and Transparent E-Voting(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Rao, V.; Singh, A.; Rudra, B.The blockchain’s revolutionary concept is the underlying technology behind the popular examples such as Bitcoin and it now relies on the Web and online services. Nowadays, blockchain is famous for its use in cryptocurrencies, but many fintech activities and routine processes that were done offline can be done using blockchain. Smart contracts are abstract pieces of codes that need to be inserted into the network and enforced as planned in every phase of upgrading blockchains. With the population growing so fast across the globe, e-voting is an emerging online service-related issue. The smart contracts of blockchain enable to have a easy, safe, cheap, secure and transparent e-voting due to which blockchain is one of the top solutions for e-voting. Even in the many blockchains available in the world, Ethereum is one of the most consistent available blockchain and has widespread use because of which it is suitable for e-voting. An e-voting system must ensure that it is secure, as it should not allow duplicated votes and it should be able to protect attendants’ privacy being fully transparent too. In this paper, Ethereum wallets and Solidity language for smart contracts were used to make a sample small scale e-voting application. The blockchain was tested on local blockchain using ganache and ropsten test network. The Ethereum blockchain keeps the records of ballots and votes after an election is held. Users can use Ethereum wallets to directly submit theirs vote and those votes are handled with the consensus of each Ethereum node. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Designing Secure Clusters using Blockchain for IoT(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Karthik, B.; Samyama Gunjal, G.H.; Manjushree, N.S.; Swamy, S.C.Internet of Things(IoT) has become a major component of our lives, where numerous independent devices connect, communicate and interact with one another. It is an evolving technology where devices are intelligent, independent and exchange information with one another without the need for human intervention. Hence these devices must identify, authenticate each other and ensure data integrity and security to avoid being targeted by various malicious attacks. To overcome these limits, a secure decentralized system has been proposed in this work. Here devices can create secure clusters along with security features provided by blockchains, where devices can identify, authenticate and trust each other for data integrity and availability. The implementation of proposed work is done using java and python language and also using ethereum blockchain. Initially, there was only one mode of communication where devices belonging to the same cluster could communicate with each other which are termed as Intra cluster communication. In the proposed system, major focus is on the Inter cluster communication where devices belonging to different clusters can communicate with each other. By using inter cluster communication, the performance and availability of data for the application are enhanced. The results obtained in the proposed work will satisfy the security, efficiency, and low cost needs of the Internet of Things. © 2022 IEEE.Item Automation with Blockchain: Creating a Marketplace for IoT Based Irrigation System(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Divakarla, U.; Chandrasekaran, K.The next revolutionary technology to emerge since the creation of bitcoin in 2008 is blockchain technology. The Internet of Things (IoT), security, and other industries have all adopted blockchain technology. The article discusses the use of smart contracts, an Ethereum blockchain feature, to automate transactions in the Ethereum blockchain-based marketplace platform for Internet of Things devices. The following is demonstrated as a proof of concept by building a prototype of the suggested platform utilising Ethereum, Ganache, Web3, and Metamask. This exemplifies how transactions can be automated using smart contracts on the blockchain. When the land’s moisture content is less than some critical value, the prototype concentrates on automating the watering of the land. Real-time monitoring of the moisture level of the consumer’s land is possible. On the basis of the centralised paradigm, attempts are being made to construct such a system. The goal is to automate every activity. In the blockchain, the smart contract functions like a living thing. Because of this, automating is made possible. The blockchain also gives each gadget a unique account, considering them as participants in the transaction rather than just the sold goods, increasing the potential for automation. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Adoption of Blockchain Technology in Land Registry Systems(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Sah, C.K.; Chandavarkar, B.R.The adoption of blockchain technology in land registry systems has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to increase efficiency, transparency, and security. This paper provides an overview of the current state of land registry systems and the challenges they face, in-cluding issues related to fraud, corruption, and a lack of trust. Then it discusses how blockchain technology can address these challenges by providing a decentralized, tamper-proof, and transparent platform for recording land transactions. The paper also examines some of the existing blockchain-based land registry systems and their features, using approaches and methodologies, including the use of smart contracts and digital signatures. Finally, the paper discusses the potential benefits and limitations of adopting blockchain technology in land registry systems and provides recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders interested in implementing these systems. © 2023 IEEE.Item Transaction fee forecasting in post EIP-1559 Ethereum using 1-D Convolutional Neural Network(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Kallurkar, H.S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Cryptocurrencies have established their identity as a healthy alternative to the maintenance of digital assets. Their applications include low-cost money transfers and yield farming. Ethereum is a blockchain that provides the functionality of doing more than a transaction regarding cryptocurrency. Ether is the default cryptocurrency of Ethereum, which is issued to the miners after the successful completion of the consensus mechanism to avoid fraudulent miners gaining profits. Transactions in Ether require that the user should include what is called a 'fee' besides the amount that is sent by the user. The EIP-1559 (Ethereum Improvement Proposals) upgrade to the Ethereum protocol has substantially changed how the transaction fee is calculated. Since this transaction data can be considered time-series data, many prior approaches have been proposed to forecast such a transaction fee using suitable methods effectively. One-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks have recently been successfully applied to time-series forecasting problems, showing promising results. This paper proposes a univariate 1-D CNN for an effective forecast of transaction fees in the new Ethereum protocol. Furthermore, this paper also compares the proposed method with existing standard approaches, and the results show the superior performance of simple 1-dimensional convolutional neural networks over existing hybrid models. © 2023 IEEE.Item BlockFIR: Blockchain based First Information Report System(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Kamble, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.India is experiencing a sharp rise in criminal activity. This is a serious problem, as many of these crimes go unreported. Although there is an online platform for the police to store First Information Reports (FIR) and Non-Cognizable Reports (NCR), most FIRs are still written by hand. This is inefficient and can lead to errors. Additionally, the complainant must typically be at the police station to report a cognizable offense. This can be inconvenient and time-consuming, especially for victims who live in rural areas. In 2009, the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) were launched as an efficient e-governance system. This system has helped to improve the reporting of crimes, but it is still a centralized system. This means that it is vulnerable to cyberattacks and can be easily shut down by a single point of failure. Therefore, a fully decentralized system is required to ensure no single point of failure and that complaints are handled safely and securely to prevent unauthorized access. This paper proposes a blockchain-based solution called BlockFIR to manage complaints against cognizable and non-cognizable offenses. Using this system, complaints can be registered by users. The police stations will be able to see complaints registered in their jurisdiction, register FIRs/NCRs accordingly, and take action on them. Through a prototype implementation using Go-Ethereum (Geth), smart contracts, and Django web server, we demonstrate the practical use of BlockFIR. We show that our system can be easily used by users, police personnel, and Higher Authorities to improve the current systems in India. © 2023 IEEE.Item Digital Democratic Elections: Leveraging Blockchain for Government Voting(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Prasad, S.V.; Madhusudhan, R.Electronic voting (e-voting) has redefined elections with its improved efficiency and accessibility features. However, modern e-voting systems globally still grapple with challenges related to scalability, transparency, security, and instilling trust among voters. Blockchain, an advent technology known for its decentralized, distributed, peer-to-peer, consensus-based storage system, has the potential to enhance confidence within untrusted environments, making a perfect distributed ballot box in the context of e-voting. Nevertheless, its adoption in countries with extensive voter populations and numerous constituencies encounters hurdles primarily in terms of scalability. Public and private blockchain networks have faced performance and throughput issues due to the sheer number of nodes and size of a unified blockchain. The central aspect of this research is breaking down the blockchain into smaller, constituency-based blockchains, deviating from the traditional single, monolithic blockchain structure. The paper proposes a unique constituency-based blockchain approach to e-voting that involves segmenting the blockchain into manageable smaller blockchains based on constituencies. The paper suggests a private Ethereum blockchain using Hyperledge-Besu Ethereum client architecture with a low-cost Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus algorithm. It potentially represents a significant advancement for countries with complicated democratic structures and large numbers of voters. When incorporating blockchain technology into electoral voting systems, voter account management presents a crucial and difficult challenge. In addition to distinguishing itself from previous works in the field of e-voting, this paper is devoted to a thorough analysis of this challenge and offers practical solutions to address the difficulties posed by a sizable voter base and their diverse identities. © 2023 IEEE.Item Building Voting Systems for a Fairer Future: Exploring Blockchain based E-voting with Ethereum for National Elections(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Prasad, S.V.; Shetty D, P.; Shankar, B.R.The increasing adoption of Blockchain technology, spurred by the success of cryptocurrencies, has gained substantial traction across various sectors. A notable application of Blockchain technology is in electronic voting (e-voting), where decentralized nodes enhance the security and integrity of the voting process. Traditional voting methods suffer from shortcomings such as result delays, susceptibility to tampering, hijacking and destruction of voting machines. Given the scalability challenges of blockchains, a single blockchain network cannot feasibly cover all constituencies in a country. Therefore, a more effective approach is to implement multiple smaller independent blockchain networks, with each constituency having its own network and blockchain. This paper discusses the concept of one network and one blockchain for one constituency, which can be replicated for every other constituencies in the country to scale up. It explores a web3-based e-voting system utilizing private Ethereum blockchain technology, focusing on a network architecture and the design that features a DApp (Decentralized Application) application with a user-friendly interface for voting in polling booths and a governing Smart Contract. Voters can cast their votes using unique identifiers like Aadhaar or UID credentials. The outcomes of this proposed e-voting system demonstrate promising and viable performance for governmental elections. However, it is advisable to conduct trials in local elections or general body elections within institutions to validate its efficacy and reliability before wider adoption in larger democratic elections. © 2024 IEEE.Item PMSChain: A Blockchain-based Prison Management System using the Ethereum Platform(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Niha, N.K.; Janani, T.; Kumar, V.S.; Shrivas, M.The prison system in India lags other industries, such as healthcare, in terms of automation. The existing prison management system often lacks transparency, consistency in security information, and well-defined procedures. To address this issue, we developed a system to digitize daily prison operations. The proposed blockchain-based prison management system is a comprehensive software application designed to manage activities related to prisons using a distributed ledger for efficient storage and managing information related to lawbreakers. The prison authority can have access to add, delete, or update the lawbreaker data that is collected from the police. The suggested system defines various roles for accessing the data inside the prison. Proper and timely access to data is enabled for the prison authorities. The proposed system has been implemented using the Ethereum Sepolia test net with 1000 tractions and its total transaction cost is 0.015357. Additionally, gas price, throughput, and latency has been computed for the proposed work. This system has been designed to provide secure, efficient, and user-friendly management of inmate records, scheduling, and communication. This system enables tamper-proofness, accountability and security of data by incorporating blockchain technology for secure and immutable record transaction within prison which prevents fraud, and corruption. © 2025 IEEE.