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Item Review of Various Microbial Immobilization Methods Towards Self-healing Application(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Baby, B.; Palanisamy, T.; Sundaramoorthi, S.Crack development and propagation in concrete structures, associated with internal and external stresses possess a severe threat to the performance and durability. Repair works of such concrete structures impart an immense financial toll. Self-healing mortar and concrete are developed with a view to provide a solution to address the aforementioned problem. The viability and performance of calcite precipitating microbes inside the concrete, in the long term, is always a concern when it comes to self-healing application. Among different methods to introduce such bacteria inside, immobilisation is considered to yield better results having the advantage of lesser impact from the adverse environment. This paper reviews the available immobilisation and encapsulation methods for microbial transport into the mortar or concrete, which makes use of porous media, hydrogels, polymeric coatings, etc., and its effectiveness in making a resilient building material. The current practices and the challenges associated with encapsulation methods to make a viable bio-mortar is critically reviewed and presented. The interaction of microbial colonies with the transporting medium and crack healing efficiency is compared based on different encapsulation methods. An experimental study was conducted to determine the impact of nutrients on the compressive strength of cement mortar was also conducted to identify the impact on strength parameters. The nutrients like calcium lactate, calcium nitrate, urea, calcium formate, and yeast extract in different dosages were analysed to achieve the optimum dosage value. It was observed nutrients other than urea and yeast extract, improved the compressive strength of bio-mortar at respective optimum dosages. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Microwave-assisted extraction of chrysin from propolis and its encapsulation feasibility analysis in casein micelles(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Parappa, K.; Krishnapura, P.R.; Iyyaswami, R.; Belur, P.D.The current study focuses on Microwave-assisted extraction of Chrysin from Propolis samples from different South Indian regions and its potential encapsulation in casein micelles to overcome its limitations in solubility, absorption and bioavailability. The extraction was evaluated using different solvent concentrations, and the highest extraction efficiency was obtained in 80 % (v/v) ethanol. Samples from Karnataka had the highest concentration of chrysin (0.085% of propolis weight), and total phenolic and flavonoid content of 7.25% and 15.86% of propolis weight, respectively. Casein was used to encapsulate chrysin to obtain an encapsulation efficiency of 72.91%. The results establish the suitability of casein for successful encapsulation of chrysin for preserving its stability and bioactivity. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.