Conference Papers
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Item Stability of Reinforced Soil Quay Wall Subjected to Combined Action of Earthquake and Tsunami(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Sajan, M.K.; Chaudhary, B.Reinforced soil quay walls are used as shore protection systems. Generally, horizontal layers of geogrids are provided as reinforcement in the backfill soil of the quay wall. These structures are internally stabilized by mobilized tensile strength of reinforcements. A quay wall can be subjected to tsunami load and earthquake load simultaneously. This condition occurs when an earthquake aftershock reaches the quay wall structure at the same time of a tsunami impact. Therefore, a combined analysis of quay walls subjected to earthquake and tsunami at the same time is necessary. In this study, horizontal slice method is used to evaluate the stability of the reinforced soil quay wall subjected to earthquake and tsunami. The failure surface is generated by optimizing the angle of failure plane of each slice, so that the mobilized tensile force on the reinforcement is maximum. Thus, the generated failure surface could justify the actual failure surface. It was observed that normalized force acting on the reinforcement is considerably increased under the combined effect of earthquake and tsunami. Stability of the wall is evaluated by varying several parameters, such as acceleration coefficient of earthquake motion, internal friction angle of soil, inclination and height of the quay wall, height of seawater level and height of tsunami waves, to find out the effect of these parameters on normalized reinforcement strength. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Tsunami Resilient Foundation for Breakwater: Centrifuge Model Tests(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Chaudhary, B.; Hazarika, H.; Murakami, A.; Fujisawa, K.Many coastal protection structures collapsed due to the past earthquakes and tsunamis. For example, several breakwaters damaged during the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan. Due to the failure of the breakwaters, the tsunami waves could not be blocked by the breakwaters. Thus, the tsunami entered in the coastal areas; and imposed deep devastation there. It was found that the breakwaters damaged mainly due to their foundation failures. In order to mitigate such damage of breakwater caused by earthquake and tsunami, new techniques were developed by the authors for breakwater foundation. In the technique, gabions and sheet piles are used in breakwater foundation. Effectiveness of the developed foundations model of breakwater were evaluated by conducting centrifuge model tests. It was observed that the developed models could mitigate damage, and make the breakwater resilient against earthquake and tsunami-induced damage. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Enhancing Disaster Preparedness in Mountainous Regions: A Review of IoT and Machine Learning Techniques(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Varun Menon, O.; Kolathayar, S.This paper presents an extensive examination of contemporary methodologies, encompassing the integration of sensor networks within the framework of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the utilization of diverse machine learning (ML) techniques, including both statistical and image processing methodologies. These innovative approaches are employed with the specific aim of enhancing hazard preparedness and establishing early warning systems for catastrophic events, such as earthquakes and landslides, in the mountainous regions of India. The study places a significant emphasis on a comprehensive review of prior research endeavors, which collectively contribute to the progressive advancement of the field of geotechnical engineering. By exploring this interdisciplinary terrain, the research endeavors to bridge the gap between traditional geotechnical engineering and the cutting-edge application of IoT and machine learning methods. This comprehensive review holds substantial potential for prospective engineers and policymakers, offering valuable insights and guidance. The objective is to support the pursuit of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ultimately fostering a secure and sustainable societal development trajectory. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item Site-Specific Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of the New Indian Parliament Building Site in Delhi(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Varma, N.; Kundu, P.; Kolathayar, S.Earthquakes are a significant geological hazard that causes destruction to life and property. A timely and thorough seismic hazard assessment of regions of national importance is necessary to ensure public safety. Delhi, the national capital of India, is classified as Zone IV in seismic zoning. A comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) was conducted to determine the seismic hazard at the site of the newly constructed Parliament building in New Delhi, focusing on seismically active faults in the area. The building was designed to withstand heavy earthquake loads, but the data used for its construction was based on older analytics. This study bridges that gap by using recent earthquake data. A catalogue completeness analysis was performed on homogenised and declustered earthquake data, and the area was divided into six subzones to calculate seismicity parameters for each source. Region-specific ground motion was evaluated using an attenuation relationship developed for North Indian states. The ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) specific to the region was integrated into the model to determine probabilistic seismic susceptibility. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the bedrock level was calculated for 2 and 10% probability of exceedance over a fifty-year period, and uniform hazard response spectra were determined for the site. The results show bedrock PGA values of 0.31 g and 0.14 g at 2% and at 10% exceedance probability over 50-years. These values are slightly higher than those found in previous studies of the region, indicating an increased seismic susceptibility. This study concludes that the region is susceptible to seismic activity, with an increase in bedrock PGA potentially leading to higher surface-level PGA. Further studies and geotechnical investigations are recommended to fully assess surface-level hazards. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.Item Earthquake-Induced Landslides in India—An Overview of Causes, Effects and Mitigation Strategies(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Ajesh Sankar, M.; Sreevalsa, K.This review paper examines the landslides triggered by significant earthquakes in India over the past two decades, focusing on their causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. The present study examines detailed case histories of earthquake-induced landslides from Kashmir (2005), Sikkim (2011), Gorkha (2015), Uttarakhand (2017), and Assam (2021) earthquakes. It has been observed that landslides are often associated with an earthquake of magnitude four or more. Also, the reported peak ground accelerations (PGA) were more than 0.05 g, sufficiently triggering the landslides. Other common factors contributing to the landslides are fragile geological conditions, steep slopes, hydrological influences, and human activities. The review highlights the distinct topographical and geological vulnerabilities of the Himalayan and northeastern parts of India. The paper also evaluates the effectiveness of various mitigation strategies adopted for effective future risk management. The findings aim to enhance the understanding and preparedness for earthquake-induced landslides, contributing to developing more resilient infrastructure. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.