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    Overview of Water Resources in Kerala and Feasibility of Coastal Reservoirs to Ensure Water Security
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Amala Krishnan, U.S.; Kolathayar, S.
    Kerala is rich with the beauty of nature, greenery, backwaters, rivers, etc. All the rivers are entirely monsoon-fed and many of them shrink into rivulets or dry up completely during dry months. The total runoff of all rivers adds to about 70,300 million cubic meters. The average rainfall of the State is reported as 3055 mm, which is double the national average. The water received as precipitation drains quickly into the sea due to the physiographical pattern and topography of the region. The farming activities get affected adversely due to the erratic rainfall pattern, which in turn affects the food security of the state. This paper presents the current scenario of water resources in the state and proposes alternative ways to ensure water security considering the unique geography of the state. The annual water demand of Kerala state is around 45.36 TMC feet and the total runoff of all rivers adds to about 2500 TMC feet. Kerala’s coast spans over 570 km and has excellent potential to store freshwater in coastal reservoirs. The capacity to store the water is huge without acquiring land and zero displacements of people. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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    Flood Inundation Mapping of Krishnaraja Nagar, Mysore Using Sentinel-1 Sar Images
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Sahu, M.K.; Shwetha, H.R.; Dwarakish, G.S.
    Floods cause physical damage and impact the availability of food, water, and crops. Effective disaster management and disaster risk reduction strategies require a quick and accurate mapping of these phenomena. The study area selected is the Krishnaraja Nagar taluk, Mysore districts, Karnataka having an area of 608 Km2. In this study, the analysis of a flood event was conducted using the temporal GRDH SAR pictures in C-band from Sentinel-1. Additionally, the co-polarized Vertical transmit, and Vertical received (VV) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images were utilized to map the extent of the flooded area. Two methods of change detection are applied to the temporal SAR images: Otsu's Automatic thresholding method using Matlab R2020a, utilizing a pre-flood image dated 02 August 2018 that shares identical image characteristics with the flood images captured on 14 August 2018; and flood mapping based on Normalized Difference Flood Index (NDFI) using Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) software. By dividing the SAR image's non-water and open-water regions, the threshold approach was used to extract the flooded areas. In order to identify the actual flooded region, permanent water bodies were later removed from the open water. An analysis of the overlay flood maps was conducted to determine the total area inundated. After processing the SAR data and conducting threshold operations, the flooded area estimates from NDFI is 28.10 km2, and by Otsu's method flooded area is 21.92 km2. It is concluded from the study that the SAR information, sideways with GIS, can be used efficiently for floodwater plotting, real-time analysis, and analysing the spread of floodwater in a flood-prone zone. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
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    Mapping of 2018 Flood and Estimation of Future Flood Inundation Region for Vembanad Lake System in Kerala, India Using Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kulithalai Shiyam Sundar, K.S.S.; Kundapura, S.
    Floods have claimed the lives of countless people and caused significant property damage, jeopardizing their livelihoods. The study area is the Vembanad Lake System in Kerala, India has faced severe flooding in 2018 due to torrential rainfall. Considering that Google Earth Engine (GEE) streamlines and simplifies the complex and time-consuming pre-processing of SAR images, this paper evaluates flood inundation mapping using Sentinel-1 SAR data for 2018. The flood inundation zone for the study is calculated using the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) map for 2018 and the forecasted LULC for 2035 and 2050. Hence, the research assesses the areas affected by floods in 2018 and those that may experience flooding of a similar degree in the near future. Thus, the extent of flood inundation during the 2018 floods and the potential flood inundation region for future LULC in 2035 and 2050 are determined. From the analysis, 14.7 km2 of built-up area was inundated during the 2018 floods. The 2018 flood event is used to quantify the flood that may inundate the future LULC in 2035 and 2050; it is found that the flood will affect about 19.87 km2 and 23.32 km2 of the built-up region, respectively. According to the study, the built-up area impacted by the flooding will increase by 34.99% and 58.4% from 2018 to 2035 and 2050, respectively. Examining the flood-prone areas and potential flood-affected areas in the future will be of great use to planners in their efforts to forewarn of an impending tragedy. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.