Conference Papers
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Item Inter-Planetary File System Enabled Blockchain Solution for Securing Healthcare Records(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Marangappanavar, R.K.; Manjappa, M.The sharing of health-related data has become challenging in terms of data security which may lead to compromise patient's privacy. Generally, once the report generated by the health provider is final, it will be uploaded to the hospital's private repository. When it comes to the hospital as an organization, many participants [Doctor, Patient, Researcher, Insurance company] requires the report of patients for one or other reasons. Providing a single platform for all participants to share confidential data securely is a difficult and challenging task. Care should be taken such that the personal data of the patients should not be misused or tampered. Existing methods have been proved insufficient to effectively manage and secure health records. Blockchain technology, a recent research trend, has shown promising results for such secure data sharing. Since the contents of blockchain are tamper-proof, all participants can access the data but cannot change the data. By employing smart contracts and access control programs one can monitor data activity in the blockchain network. In this article, a blockchain architecture has been designed and discussed for secure and easy sharing of patient's Personal Health Report(PHR) among the different players of health organization. Further, Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) has also used in the proposed blockchain architecture for faster retrieval of PHR's. We demonstrate the strengths of our proposed model, its user-centric focus and also the experimental results. © 2020 IEEE.Item The Dependency of Healthcare on Security: Issues and Challenges(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH info@springer-sbm.com, 2021) Kittur, L.J.; Mehra, R.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Information security and privacy in the sector of healthcare is an important issue that has to be given importance. With the growing adoption of electronic health records of patients, the need of accessing and sharing information between different healthcare professionals is also increasing. This gives rise to the attention that has to be provided for securing the information. Also the adoption of the Internet of Things in wireless body sensor networks, leads to the usage of Cloud and Fog in healthcare systems. Thus pointing towards secure methods of accessing, storing, processing of sensitive data. In this paper, an overview of different issues and challenges pertaining to the security of healthcare systems is presented. Also, the solutions to address the security concerns in the healthcare systems are also discussed. © 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Ethereum Blockchain Enabled Secure and Transparent E-Voting(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Rao, V.; Singh, A.; Rudra, B.The blockchain’s revolutionary concept is the underlying technology behind the popular examples such as Bitcoin and it now relies on the Web and online services. Nowadays, blockchain is famous for its use in cryptocurrencies, but many fintech activities and routine processes that were done offline can be done using blockchain. Smart contracts are abstract pieces of codes that need to be inserted into the network and enforced as planned in every phase of upgrading blockchains. With the population growing so fast across the globe, e-voting is an emerging online service-related issue. The smart contracts of blockchain enable to have a easy, safe, cheap, secure and transparent e-voting due to which blockchain is one of the top solutions for e-voting. Even in the many blockchains available in the world, Ethereum is one of the most consistent available blockchain and has widespread use because of which it is suitable for e-voting. An e-voting system must ensure that it is secure, as it should not allow duplicated votes and it should be able to protect attendants’ privacy being fully transparent too. In this paper, Ethereum wallets and Solidity language for smart contracts were used to make a sample small scale e-voting application. The blockchain was tested on local blockchain using ganache and ropsten test network. The Ethereum blockchain keeps the records of ballots and votes after an election is held. Users can use Ethereum wallets to directly submit theirs vote and those votes are handled with the consensus of each Ethereum node. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item ShardCons - A Sharding Based Consensus Algorithm for Blockchain(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Kumar, A.; Sangoi, A.; Raj, S.; Manjappa, M.Blockchain, the foundation of Bitcoin, has received extensive attentions in recent days. Blockchain-based applications are springing up, covering numerous fields including financial services, reputation system, Internet of Things (IoT), Healthcare systems, Supply Chain Management and so on. Blockchain serves as an immutable ledger which allows transactions to be securely accomplished via point-to-point connections in a distributed system without the need for a third-party. Since it is decentralized, consensus algorithms keeps hold the integrity of the transactions which are added in the chain. Consensus algorithms are the primary root of the blockchain technology and a good consensus algorithm can guarantee the fault tolerance and security of the blockchain systems. In this article, authors present a novel consensus algorithm for public blockchain which shards the miners based on their performance. Once the sharding of miners is done, the best miner from each shard is chosen to form a Super shard of miners, and then from Super shard, one miner is randomly chosen as a winner miner who will mine the next block in the blockchain network. For sharding, performance history of miners will be maintained in each miner and re-sharding will be done at regular intervals in order to bring fairness in the system. The proposed sharding based consensus algorithm solves one of the main problem of public blockchain which is scalability issue. This performance based consensus algorithm also ensures more fairness, avoids starvation, improves the trust among the miners and enhances the overall performance of the blockchain network. © 2021 IEEE.Item Securing Database Backups Using Blockchain and Peer-to-Peer Network(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Maheshwarkar, A.; Kumar, A.; Gupta, M.Databases are one of the critical services provided by a cloud environment. Database downtime can have a devastating impact on any running service. Database backups are generally made robust with high availability by replicating them in a new server. However, storing a database backup on a new server is not cost-effective. At the same time, storing the backup in the same server does not ensure high availability. In this paper, we propose creating a secure database backup architecture using a transaction blockchain and peer-to-peer network to record the history of the transactions. Our architecture makes database backups highly available with a 4 percent decrease in throughput. © 2021 IEEE.Item Towards a Secure Electronic Health Record System using Blockchain Technology(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Bhattacharyya, S.; Chandrasekaran, K.Blockchain has emerged as a key technology for ensuring reliability and security in several application areas primarily including the healthcare sector. Blockchain is a distributed ledger where blocks of transactions are connected in a chain using the cryptographic hash function of the previous block, making it an append-only structure. Any modification on any of the blocks will generate different hash values in other blocks in a cascading manner and different link relations. In this way the blockchain achieves immutability and security. Blockchain also involves consensus mechanisms in order to ensure synchronization among blocks and agreement between existing nodes to add a new transaction in the chain. Healthcare data is highly sensitive in nature, which consists of private information related to the diagnosis and treatment of patients. In traditional approach these data are stored by each hospital separately where sharing data is very time consuming. Also, health data is very limited to access due to the risk of disclosure of sensitive information. In order to address these issues, the objective of this paper is to integrate blockchain technology with healthcare records/data in order to provide better sharing of data without the fear of data tampering or security breach. © 2021 IEEE.Item A USER AUTHENTICATION AND ACCESS CONTROL SCHEME FOR IoT-BASED HEALTHCARE USING BLOCKCHAIN(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Geetha, V.; Balakrishnan, B.IoT devices do not possess the potential to protect themselves from risk of the attackers as they are resource-constrained. Blockchain is arising as a decentralized and distributed technology with proficiency in delivering secure management, access control and user authentication for protecting data and services of IoT devices, guaranteeing integrity, confidentiality and availability. IoT-based healthcare applications has many benefits like reduced cost of healthcare, improved quality, remote monitoring of patients etc. Ensuring a robust and secure interactions between patient and healthcare providers is very important to protect sensitive medical data. A distributed and reliable user authentication and access control scheme to be used in IoT based Healthcare is designed and implemented here with the help of local gateways directly interfaced to smart contract based Ethereum Blockchain. The local gateways can manage multiple local IoT devices and improve scalability. This reduces the overhead of performing resource-consuming authentication tasks and blockchain-communication at the IoT devices. To exhibit the working of the framework, a case study is presented with two laptops and a Raspberry Pi. © 2021 IEEE.Item Scalable blockchain solution for targeted public distribution system (TPDS) in India(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Raghunandan, A.; Priyadarsini, A.; Vaibhav, G.; Manjappa, M.The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in India is essential to supply food grains produced by farmers to the beneficiaries. It provides affordable food grains to the deprived families of India. However, the current TPDS system is plagued by various issues, leakage being the primary one. This work aims to use blockchain technology, one of the cutting edge technologies, to overcome the issue of leakage and make the TPDS a digital, secure, transparent and scalable system. Blockchain provides transparency such that any user can access the system to get an understanding of the quantity of food grains being processed at each stage of the TPDS workflow. The system requires minimal human intervention and would be deployed across all states. This ensures a unified workflow for TPDS across all states and gives a more holistic understanding of how TPDS benefits the deprived families in India. To make the blockchain system scalable, the blockchain network is divided into 'shards', which are independent chains containing their own data separate from others. The proposed TPDS blockchain system was implemented in Hyperledger Fabric and was tested for different use cases. The authors found that the proposed blockchain architecture is responding well to all the use cases considered. © 2021 IEEE.Item Blockchain based Framework for Student Identity and Educational Certificate Verification(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Chowdhary, A.; Agrawal, S.; Rudra, B.With the rise in digitization of documents stored online, it is important to have a document verification process. It involves customized verification and authentication of a document based on the content of the document. Among all the certificates, the educational certificate is one of the most important certificates, especially for students. Unfortunately, it is very easy to fake documents that are hard to identify nowadays and are often considered original. Blockchain has recently emerged as a potential alternative to manual verification of certificates. It provides a distributed ledger that is verifiable with cryptographic mechanisms. Also, it provides a common platform for easily sharing, storing, and accessing documents. The identity of the students can be verified using government authorized identity proofs. This paper proposes the use of such unique identity number and secret phrase provided by the student to further improve the security of the certificate verification system. The student's identity and document are both verified by matching the hashes already present in the Blockchain. Also, in the proposed method the documents are linked to the student to add another layer of verification. The implementation of this proposed platform can be used to issue, receive and verify the certificates. © 2021 IEEE.Item Survey on security of biometric data using cryptography(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Thawre, A.; Hariyale, A.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Biometric Cryptography is the biometric tokenization used for authentication with public-key infrastructure (PKI). In particular, biometric cryptography provides the convenience of authentication via fingerprint, face, eye, voice, palm, etc.-with none of the risks posed by having the biometrics take the form of a shared secret. With comfort, biometric verification gives more security than as it were conventional cryptography-based confirmation. Since biometric highlights of each human being are distinctive from each other, that makes it difficult to get to in an unauthorized way and it jams the privacy at the time of verification since there's no plausibility of snooping. In this manner, these days the utilization of biometric-based confirmation has expanded and utilized in versatile, portable workstation, and numerous other gadgets are utilizing biometric-based verification and biometric information stored in biometric gadgets and programmers are exceptionally shrewd they can render biometric information, can take it, and not at all like username or password biometric information can not alter, due to unique feature of biometrics. It implies, compromising biometric information will be until the end of life, and programmers can take advantage of it, so the security of biometric information is a vital issue. This paper gives some idea about cryptography methods that are capable to secure biometric data and we have presented four cryptography methods which are Biometric Encryption, Blockchain, Cancelable biometrics, and Visual cryptography. This paper also provides some challenges, issues in biometric, and future direction. © 2021 IEEE.