Conference Papers
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Item Localized Hop-Count Based Routing (LHR) Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Kumar, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is one of the emerging fields in the area of communication due to the number of applications. UASNs face several challenges like limited energy and bandwidth, high bit error rate, packet loss, node mobility, low propagation speed, and routing. Underwater routing is challenging due to the dynamic topology. Many routing protocols used in the UASNs use the hop-count of the neighbor as one of the attributes to select the next-hop. However, due to changes in underwater topology, hop count changes frequently. Obtaining up-to-date hop-count information is one of the major challenges. Many protocols send beacons periodically to update the hop-count, which creates overhead on the network. This paper proposes a Localized Hop-count based Routing (LHR) protocol, which uses a novel mechanism to determine hop-count. Hop-count in LHR is determined based on the local attributes of neighbors. LHR avoids periodic transmission of the beacons from the sink. Thereby, LHR reduces the overhead of transmitting beacons from the sink node periodically. Further, LHR makes use of metrics such as hop-count, depth, and distance for selecting the next-hop. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Cluster Formation for Underwater Routing in UnetStack3(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Das, A.P.Underwater Acoustics Sensor Networks (UASNs) are utilized in a range of underwater applications, including sea habitat monitoring, offshore research, and mineral exploration. Due to the underwater current, low bandwidth, high water pressure, fluctuations in link quality between nodes, propagation latency, and error probability, underwater communication is challenging. Because of these difficulties, data transmission in UASNs is unreliable during routing. One strategy to improve routing speed is to use an opportunistic routing technique. The sender will transmit the data to the set of neighbours in opportunistic routing such that at least one neighbour can receive and forward the data. The main processes in opportunistic routing include evaluating the adjacent nodes, picking the group of neighbours, and coordinating among the selected nodes to transfer the received data. The optimum next-hops during routing are picked. The numerous properties of neighbouring nodes are analysed and the neighbouring nodes are used for forming clusters that are utilised to choose the best next-hops. In this paper, a novel approach for sensor node clustering technique for UASNs is proposed. Here, it is assumed that the neighbours of a sender node are already ranked. A suitable algorithm like TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is employed to search for the best next-hops and determines a set of candidates to be considered for cluster formation. The protocol has been implemented and simulated in UnetStack3, an agent-based network stack for underwater communication. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.