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Item Hop-count Based Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Kumar, S.; Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is a prominent field in communications due to several applications. UASNs enable underwater data collection and monitoring in different applications. UASNs face several challenges like node mobility, low bandwidth, high energy consumption, and routing. The complexity of the underwater routing is increased due to node mobility. Several underwater routing protocols exist in the literature; they determine next-hop based on different criteria. Some criteria to select next-hop are link quality, residual energy, hop-count, etc. Many underwater routing protocols either use hop-count or hop-count as one of the criteria to choose next-hop. Such routing protocols result in lower hop-count, resulting in smaller end-to-end delays. These routing protocols are instrumental in the delay-sensitive applications where the end-to-end delay is the primary requirement. However, maintaining up-to-date information of the hop-count of nodes is one of the major challenges due to frequent changes in underwater topology caused due to the water current. This survey paper focuses on underwater routing protocols based on hop-count in selecting the next-hop. It focuses on updating hop-count information in various hop-count-based underwater routing protocols. © 2022 IEEE.Item Localized Hop-Count Based Routing (LHR) Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Kumar, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Nazareth, P.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is one of the emerging fields in the area of communication due to the number of applications. UASNs face several challenges like limited energy and bandwidth, high bit error rate, packet loss, node mobility, low propagation speed, and routing. Underwater routing is challenging due to the dynamic topology. Many routing protocols used in the UASNs use the hop-count of the neighbor as one of the attributes to select the next-hop. However, due to changes in underwater topology, hop count changes frequently. Obtaining up-to-date hop-count information is one of the major challenges. Many protocols send beacons periodically to update the hop-count, which creates overhead on the network. This paper proposes a Localized Hop-count based Routing (LHR) protocol, which uses a novel mechanism to determine hop-count. Hop-count in LHR is determined based on the local attributes of neighbors. LHR avoids periodic transmission of the beacons from the sink. Thereby, LHR reduces the overhead of transmitting beacons from the sink node periodically. Further, LHR makes use of metrics such as hop-count, depth, and distance for selecting the next-hop. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.