Conference Papers
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Item Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org, 2017) Mendi, V.; Reddy, N.A.; Lokeshwari, M.; Raghavendra, T.; Seelam, J.K.Tidal inlet is an opening along the coast which facilitates the exchange of water and nutrients. The energy extracted at the tidal inlet using tides is called tidal energy. Tidal energy is reliable and not depleting. Since the density of seawater is 800 times denser than air, the energy extraction is much favorable and reliable resource. Because of the above said advantages, tidal energy production has become an important energy source at global platform. The study area chosen is the Sri Lankan coast. The tidal condition along the Sri Lankan coast is semi diurnal. Identification of the locations for energy extraction is important as the width of the identified inlet at the coast plays an important role in energy extraction. Also, parameters like tidal range, basin area have to be taken into account in order to consider the inlet suitable for energy extraction. In this paper, tidal inlets will be identified along the Sri Lankan coast, the data will be collected for the parameters that are required to consider an inlet for energy extraction and the potential energy that can be extracted at the inlets will be assessed. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.Item Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org, 2017) Amarnatha Reddy, N.; Mendi, V.; Raghavendra, T.; Lokeshwari, M.The unit hydrograph (UH) concept needs observed rainfall-runoff data at the gauging site for hydrograph generation. But many catchments and watersheds in India are devoid of gauging stations and also it is not economically justifiable to collect the data and carry out detailed hydromorphological studies at every new site on a large scale. The paucity of such data sparked the idea of the synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH) concept. Most SUH procedures seek to establish relationships between parameters used to describe the UH and parameters used to describe the basin. In totality the available synthetic unit hydrograph methods/models have been classified into four groups as: traditional (or empirical), conceptual, probabilistic, and geomorphological. In the present study the probabilistic or probability distribution function (PDF) based methods/approaches are used to estimate the flood discharge at the ungauged basins in Varrar Basin at the coastal state of Kerala. The PDF based methods viz. Gray's method, Croley method, transmutation approach, and simplified gamma approach are used to develop UH at ungauged watersheds. The results of the total flood discharge at the ungauged basins are compared with volume of 1 cm direct runoff depth. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.Item Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org, 2017) Lokeshwari, M.; Mendi, V.; Raghavendra, T.; Reddy, A.; Udayashankar, B.C.Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and change of life style of people has increased the rate of solid waste generation by leaps and bounds in the developing countries. Municipal solid waste generation varies with place to place and the standard of living of the people residing in cities. Solid waste consists of organic matter, which undergoes degradation and produces foul smell, if not properly managed. Therefore management of the garbage had reached a very critical stage and now emphasis has been given to its collection, treatment, and final disposal. Generally in Indian cities, waste is collected and simply dumped outside the cities which are called as landfill sites. Any method of disposal other than composting will be uneconomical, required skilled person, and also pollute air, water, and soil. Large quantity of plant nutrients gets wasted in other methods of disposal. Composting is not a method of waste disposal but it is a method of recycling the waste. Municipal solid waste is one of the potential organic nutrient residues, which upon recycling leads to a valuable compost, which is vital for growth and development of plants. Sewage sludge is rich in micro-organisms, organic content, as well as nutrient elements. So in this study co-composting of municipal waste with sewage sludge has been taken up to conserve nutrients. In the present work studies were conducted on municipal solid waste, mixed with sewage sludge in different proportion, to check the technical viability of the integrated system of composting. Addition of sewage sludge to waste for composting not only increases decomposition rate and fertility value, it also solve the problem of sludge disposal from treatment plant. It will save the cost of sludge treatment. Municipal waste compost can be regarded as being valuable in soil management practices because of their organic matter content. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.Item Peak flood estimation along southern coast: Kerala, India(World Scientific, 2018) Lokeshwari, M.; Mendi, V.; Reddy, N.A.India being an agricultural based country depends mainly on rain water and river for the purpose of irrigation and other domestic uses. Due to deforestation and urbanization, large area of unpaved surface is converted into paved surface, which prevents percolation of rainwater into ground. As a result, surface runoff and intern the chances of flood increases. Flood causes damage to hydraulic structures, agricultural land, properties and lives. On the other hand many states of India are facing water scarcity. So it is important to carry out flood forecasting to reduce uncertainties in hydrological predictions, which balances these two problems. Some of the catchments in India are ungauged as a result, surface runoff estimation will be inaccurate and also it is very difficult to understand catchment properties and hydrological response to rainfall. Suitable methods are desirable for hydrological evaluation of watershed in the absence of runoff-rainfall data. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System with appropriate rainfall runoff models, provides ideal tool for estimation of direct runoff, peak discharge and hydrographs. This study focuses on estimation of peak flood discharge at coastal inlets, from river outlets along the southern coast of India in Kerala. Flood estimation methods recommended by Central Water Commission (CWC) India, in report 5a and 5b is considered as reference and Soil Conservation Service Method (SCS) used for peak flood estimation. © 2018 World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.Item Estimation of potential tidal energy along the West Coast of India(World Scientific, 2018) Mendi, V.; Seelam, J.K.; Rao, S.Tidal energy is one of the clean and non-depleting renewable energy sources. In contrast to other clean sources, such as wind, solar, geothermal etc., tidal energy can be predicted for years ahead. Also, the medium, seawater, is more than 800 times denser than air and the astronomic nature of the underlying driving mechanism results in an essentially predictable resource, although subject to weather-related fluctuations. These features make it an important energy source for global power production in the near future. There are various types of tidal power plants across the world with varying tidal elevation. Also the method of conversion of the tidal energy into electrical energy is site specific. For example, we can adopt conventional method to extract energy in high tidal regions. But when it comes to low tidal regions like the southern India where tidal elevation measurements does not exceed 2.5m, there is a need of low flow turbines which can extract higher energy from lower head. An important factor that is responsible for the velocity of tidal stream is the tidal inlet dimensions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to identify the feasible locations for extraction of potential tidal energy along the Indian Coast. © 2018 World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.Item Forecasting Future Traffic Trend by Short-Term Continuous Observation(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020) Mendi, V.; Srinivasula Reddy, I.Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is a key parameter to understand the traffic flow rates, traffic density and to design any highway. Generally, short period observed traffic data mainly depends on that season in which the traffic surveys were conducted, which may be high or low compared to the other seasons. So, the behavior of seasonal variation of traffic must be considered for the AADT analysis. These seasonal variations can be found out using the past recorded data of that selected location. But in the case of a location where the past annual traffic data is not available, an alternative method is required to calculate the seasonal variation of the traffic data. The present study deals with the analysis of seasonal variation factors to estimate the AADT from the fuel sale data collected from the nearby petrol stations at the traffic survey point. This work explains how Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) can be estimated from a week's limited traffic data when there is a scarcity of automatic traffic data collecting systems. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Item Design and Analysis of Filler Slab(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020) Mahananda, R.K.; Mendi, V.; Raveesh, R.M.Filler slab technology is an innovative and cost effective technology where the dead load of slab is reduced by replacing the concrete with filler material. The concept behind the use of filler-slab technology is to reduce a substantial portion of concrete in the tension zone, since all the concrete in the tension zone does not contribute to the tensile properties. This concrete is replaced with lightweight, inert and inexpensive filler without compromising with the quality and structural stability of the structure. Two-way slab is designed; the filler blocks are placed between the reinforcement spacing by providing a cover of 20mm. The filler materials are granite dust and foundry sand. This filler slab is analyzed using STAAD.Pro and ANSYS software. Filler slab is compared with the conventional slab of same size. This study describes the Structural behavior and cost effectiveness of filler slab when compared to the standard slab. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Item Future Traffic Prediction from Short Period Traffic Data(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020) Srinivasula Reddy, I.; Mendi, V.Prediction of future traffic is a complicated process which requires logical prediction methods and experience. The present study focused on the prediction of future traffic from the AADT data which is estimated from the one week continuous traffic data collected from the selected study area. State wise traffic contributions are estimated from the one-day number plate survey data and major states effecting the traffic in the study area are observed. The population data, vehicle registration data and economic data of the major states which are observed through number plate survey are used for the prediction of future traffic data. The vehicle growth rates were calculated using average vehicle registration growth rate method and nonlinear regression (power regression). Finally, the growth rates were decided according to the traffic design norms provided by NHAI. The year wise future traffic was predicted and presented in this paper from the year 2013 to 2040. The changes in Level of Service (LOS) of the NH 8A for four lane and six lane configuration is detailed for the future scenario. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.