Conference Papers
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Item Fully automated radiogrammetric measurement of third metacarpal bone from hand radiograph(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016) Areeckal, A.S.; Sumam David, S.; Kocher, M.; Jayasheelan, N.; Kamath, J.Osteoporosis is a disease caused by reduction of bone mass, bone strength and deterioration of bone structure. The gold standard method for diagnosis of osteoporosis is measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). However, DXA is expensive and not widely available in developing countries. An alternative cost-effective method for measurement of bone loss and strength is metacarpal radiogrammetry, by which geometric measurements of cortical bone of the metacarpal bone are measured. In this paper, we propose a fully automated method for segmentation of third metacarpal bone from hand radiograph and radiogrammetric measurements using mathematical morphology. Cortical width and thickness are measured from the endosteal and periosteal edges of the metacarpal bone using which bone indices which help in diagnosis of osteoporosis can be computed. The proposed segmentation method was tested on 157 hand X-ray images. A success rate of 94.9% is obtained for automatic detection of third metacarpal bone. Evaluation of cortical measurements of 3 calibrated images is done by comparing the results with ground truth. The mean accuracy error obtained was 0.02cm and 0.04cm for cortical width and medullary width, respectively. © 2016 IEEE.Item Early diagnosis of osteoporosis using active appearance model and metacarpal radiogrammetry(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Sam, M.; Areeckal, A.S.; Sumam David, S.Osteoporosis is a condition of fragile bone with an increased susceptibility to fracture. Since the gold standard method used for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), is expensive and not widely available in low economies, there is a need for low cost approaches to detect bone loss in people. A new automated radiogrammetric method for early diagnosis of osteoporosis from a single hand radiograph is proposed. In this technique, the third metacarpal bone is segmented from hand X-ray images using Active Appearance Models (AAM). Points of interest acquired from the segmented bone are used to take radiogrammetric measurements, from which bone indices are calculated. Data used in this work was acquired from 138 subjects in two hospitals in India. Significant radiogrammetric features were selected using statistical analysis. The bone indices are observed to be significantly correlated with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the lumbar spine measured using DXA. Different classification models were trained using the significant features. The results obtained are promising and can be used as a cost effective diagnostic tool for early detection of osteoporosis. © 2017 IEEE.Item Computerized radiogrammetry of third metacarpal using watershed and active appearance model(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Areeckal, A.S.; Sam, M.; Sumam David, S.D.Osteoporosis is a bone disorder, causing loss of bone mass and increased risk of fragility fracture. Osteoporosis can be diagnosed at a low cost using computerized metacarpal radiogrammetry of the third metacarpal bone of hand X-ray images. The most widely used methods for segmentation of hand bones are deformable models such as Active Shape Model (ASM), Active Appearance Model (AAM), etc. that make use of prior information of the shape and appearance of the object. However, due to the presence of other metacarpal bones having similar shape and size in its proximity, segmentation of third metacarpal bone in isolation becomes challenging and the deformable methods could fail. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically locate and segment the third metacarpal bone using marker-controlled watershed segmentation. Radio-grammetric measurements are determined automatically from the shaft of the third metacarpal bone and can be used to derive bone indices for the detection of bone loss due to osteoporosis. The measurements obtained from the proposed method and AAM are compared with ground truth. The results obtained show that the proposed approach is an efficient method for automated radiogrammetry of third metacarpal bone that can be used as a low cost tool for the early diagnosis of osteoporosis. © 2018 IEEE.Item Cortical volumetry using 3D reconstruction of metacarpal bone from multi-view images(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Jayakar, A.D.; Sambath, G.; Areeckal, A.S.; Sumam David, S.D.Osteoporosis is a disease caused by decrease in bone density, which makes the bone more susceptible to fractures. The currently used techniques to diagnose osteoporosis such as Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) are expensive and not widely available. Computerized radiogrammetry is a low cost technique used for the detection of bone loss. But it gives an areal measurement of the cortical bone density. In this paper, we propose a novel low cost technique to measure cortical bone volume for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. The proposed method uses a 3D reconstruction of third metacarpal using three views of hand radiographs and a template model as prior. The projection contours of the template model are registered with the X-ray images and the point-pair correspondence obtained is used to deform the template model. The shaft of the reconstructed bone is used for measuring the cortical volume. The proposed 3D reconstruction method is evaluated by comparison to a ground truth model and manually segmented X-ray images. The cortical volumetric measurements obtained are statistically analyzed for correlation with DXA measurement. The results obtained show that cortical volumetry using the proposed 3D reconstruction method can be developed into a low cost technique for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. © 2018 IEEE.