3. Book Chapters

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Visualization of cardiac health using electrocardiograms
(2007) Acharya U.R.; Bhat P.S.; Niranjan U.C.; Kannathal N.; Min L.C.; Suri J.S.
The chapter discusses an efficient and novel method to assist the physician to visualize voluminous cardiac data acquired over several hours. The system uses different colors to identify different types of cardiogram signals. In the display strategy each ECG beat is represented by a grid. The visualization strategy is hierarchical; that is, it provides for viewing of data from different level of abstraction, and the physician can have a top down approach to narrow down the time interval and signal details. This display strategy is extended to sector graph, with a menu driven hierarchical display strategy, which progressively unfolds greater details for chosen intervals. Provision is made for changing the parameters of classification, and thus the physician has the option for fine tuning the classification. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.
Classification of cardiac abnormalities using heart rate signals: A comparative study
(2007) Acharya U.R.; Kannathal N.; Bhat P.S.; Suri J.S.; Min L.C.; Spaan J.A.E.
[No abstract available]
Storage and transmission of cardiac data with medical images
(2007) Acharya U.R.; Bhat P.S.; Niranjan U.C.; Kumar S.; Kannathal N.; Min L.C.; Suri J.S.
The landscape of healthcare delivery and medical data management has significantly changed over the last years, as a result of the significant advancements in information and communication technologies. Complementary and/or alternative solutions are needed to meet the new challenges, especially regarding security of the widely distributed sensitive medical information. Digital watermarking is a technique of hiding specific identification data for copyright authentication. The DICOM standard is one method to include demographic information, such as patient information and X-ray exposure facilities, in image data. The DICOM standard is a standard that can be used regularly to record demographic information onto the image data header section. Regarding DICOM format images, information on patients and X-ray exposure facilities can be obtained easily from them. On the other hand, general-purpose image formats, such as the JPEG format, offer no standard that can be used regularly to record demographic information onto the header section. Digital watermark technologies [1-8] can be used to embed demographic information in image data. Digital watermarking have several other uses, such as fingerprinting, authentication, integrity verification purposes, content labeling, usage control and content protection [9, 10]. The efficient utilization of bandwidth of communication channel and storage space can be achieved, when the reduction in data size is done. Recently, Giakoumaki et al, have presented a review of research in the area of medical-oriented watermarking and proposed a wavelet-based multiple watermarking scheme. This scheme aimed to address critical health information management issues, including origin and data authentication, protection of sensitive data, and image archiving and retrieval [11]. Their experimental results on different medical imaging modalities demonstrated the efficiency and transparency of the watermarking scheme. The digital watermarking technique is adapted in this chapter for interleaving patient information with medical images, to reduce storage and transmission overheads. The text data is encrypted before interleaving with images to ensure greater security. The graphical signals are compressed and subsequently interleaved with the image. Differential pulse code modulation and adaptive delta modulation techniques are employed for data compression as well as encryption and results are tabulated for a specific example. Adverse effects of channel induced random errors and burst errors on the text data are countered by employing repetition code, Hamming code and R-S code techniques.
Reef-an ecofriendly and cost effective hard option for coastal conservation
(2008) Shirlal K.G.; Rao S.; Radheshyam B.; Ganesh V.
Rubble mound breakwaters are the structures which are meant to reflect and dissipate energy of the wind generated waves and thereby to prevent their incidence on water area intended to protect. Submerged breakwater with its crest at or below still water level (SWL) can cause substantial wave attenuation and can be effectively used in places where tidal variations are small and only partial protection from waves is required, like harbour entrance, beach protection, small craft harbours etc. © 2008 Springer Netherlands.
ISI cancellation in 4G wireless mobiles
(2008) Priyatam K.; Banakar R.M.; Shankaranand B.
Physical layer issues of broadband wireless communication systems form the bottleneck in providing fast and reliable communication over wireless channel. Critical performance limiting challenges are time selective fading channels, frequency selective fading channels, noise, inter symbol interference (ISI), inter carrier interference, power, and bandwidth. Addressing these challenges of wireless broadband communication systems, one can provide faster data processing with lower computational complexity, higher data throughput, and improved performance in terms of bit error rate (BER). In this chapter an effective technique (SISO estimation) to handle interference cancellation is developed. ISI is caused by multi-path propagation. It can be reduced by using a channel equalizer which provides the receiver with the prior knowledge of the channel. Channel estimation is a technique to acquire behavior of the channel. Accuracy of the channel estimation improves the system performance. At BER of 10-4 SISO estimator provide an improvement of 2dB as compared with MMSE DFE estimator. © 2009, IGI Global.
Proactive models for mitigating internet denial-of-service/distributed denial-of-service attacks
(2010) Nagesh H.R.; Sekaran K.C.
The enormous growth of the Internet has had a huge impact on users' daily lives, providing us with a wealth of information easily and conveniently.At the same time, this accessibility has made the Internet an easy target for users who wish to disrupt the flow of information or exploit the Web for personal gain. Those who compromise the flow of information or access information in an unauthorized manner are called attackers.Many tools are now available for attackers to test the vulnerability of Internet. © 2010 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Autonomic computing: A fuzzy control approach towards application development
(2011) Venkatarama H.S.; Chandra Sekaran K.
Autonomic computing (Salehie & Tahvildari, 2005) is a new paradigm to design, develop, deploy, and manage systems by taking inspiration from strategies used by biological systems. An autonomic system has four major characteristics: self-configure, self-heal, self-optimize, and self-protect. The autonomic computing architecture provides a blueprint for developing feedback control loops for self-managing systems. This observation suggests that control theory might provide guidance as to the structure of and requirements for autonomic managers. E-commerce is an area where an Autonomic Computing system could be very effectively deployed. E-commerce has created demand for high quality information technology services, and businesses seek ways to improve the quality of service in a cost-effective way. Properly adjusting tuning parameters for best values is time-consuming and skills-intensive. This chapter describes simulation environments to implement approaches to automate the tuning of MaxClients parameter of Apache web server using fuzzy controllers. These are illustrations of the self-optimizing characteristic of an autonomic computing system. © 2012, IGI Global.
Development of probabilistic simulation model for production optimization in open pit mines
(2011) Raj M.G.; Vardhan, H.; Rao Y.V.
Large mechanized open pit operations can become more efficient and competitive without additional costs by improving the productivity of the existing machinery. This can be achieved by ensuring higher availability and utilization of the equipment The present paper deals with truck dispatch system using a variety of strategies to enhance the production capacity of a given set of equipment (shovels and trucks) by way of continuous dispatching of trucks. A discrete event probabilistic simulation program has been developed to demonstrate the production potential of an operating mine. It can accommodate any number of shovels and trucks of different capacities. The characteristic features of each truck and shovel can be individually specified to reflect the reality of actual working conditions. The model was tested on a hypothetical mine and a real case to verify the logic used in the program development. Subsequently, the model was implemented in two real mines to investigate the production potential. It was observed that substantial scope exists for productivity improvement when the mines were operating on a flexible mode. © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reliable transmission of retinal fundus images with patient information using encryption, watermarking, and error control codes
(2011) Nergui M.; Shripathi, Acharya U.; Rajendra A.U.; Yu W.; Dua S.
[No abstract available]
Chalcones: Possible new materials for third-order nonlinear optics
(2011) Kiran A.J.; Chandrasekharan K.; Kalluraya B.; Shashikala H.D.
'Search for potential materials' for third-order nonlinear optics has been of continuing interest in recent years. In this context, organic molecules are increasingly being recognized as the materials of the future because their molecular nature combined with the versatility of synthetic chemistry can be used to alter and optimize molecular structure to maximize third order nonlinear response. Chalcones have received considerable interest as materials for second-order nonlinear optical applications due to their ability to crystallize in noncentrosymmetric structure and their blue light transmittance. Being charge transfer compounds, chalcones can also possess large thirdorder nonlinearities due to their π-conjugated structure. In this article, we discuss the structure-nonlinear response relationship among a few chalcones and the possibility of using them for third-order applications. A meager or no work, to our knowledge, has been done so far on these molecules in this regard. Z-scan and degenerate four-wave mixing techniques were employed to investigate third-order optical nonlinearities of chalcone derivatives. Some of these molecules possess large χ (3) of magnitude as high as 10-12 esu and exhibit strong optical limiting properties. Possible mechanisms that are responsible for optical limiting property of these molecules have been discussed. . © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Maize–natural fiber as reinforcement with polymers for structural applications
(2012) Bavan S.D.; Kumar M.G.C.
Thermosetting resins are used today with plant fiber for panels suitable for inner door panels for the automotive industry and other applications in structures. The costs of these resins are low compared to thermoplastic resins and also the properties of the resin are well suited for structural application (Wool and Sun, 2005). Recently lot of research has been carried out on natural fibers using resin transfer molding (RTM) as a processing method of composites. Dynamic mechanical properties of sisal based natural fibers reinforced with polyester were investigated using RTM (Sreekumar, 2009, 2009a). Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) techniques have been developed for fabricating small and large components but mainly for complex shapes. It also gives good surface finish to the particular part. It is best suited for low cost components of complex part which should be pressurized by external source. It uses atmospheric pressure as a clamp to hold the laminates together. © 2012 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Case-based reasoning and some typical applications
(2013) Roy D.P.; Chakraborty B.
Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) arose out of research into cognitive science, most prominently that of Roger Schank and his students at Yale University, during the period 1977-1993. CBR may be defined as a model of reasoning that incorporates problem solving, understanding, and learning, and integrates all of them with memory processes. It focuses on the human problem solving approach such as how people learn new skills and generates solutions about new situations based on their past experience. Similar mechanisms to humans who intelligently adapt their experience for learning, CBR replicates the processes by considering experiences as a set of old cases and problems to be solved as new cases. To arrive at the conclusions, it uses four types of processes, which are retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain. These processes involve some basic tasks such as clustering and classification of cases, case selection and generation, case indexing and learning, measuring case similarity, case retrieval and inference, reasoning, rule adaptation, and mining to generate the solutions. This chapter provides the basic idea of case-based reasoning and a few typical applications. The chapter, which is unique in character, will be useful to researchers in computer science, electrical engineering, system science, and information technology. Researchers and practitioners in industry and R and D laboratories working in such fields as system design, control, pattern recognition, data mining, vision, and machine intelligence will benefit. © 2014, IGI Global. All rights reserved.
Transformation framework for consistent evolution of uml behavioral elements into BPMN design element
(2013) Chanda J.; Kanjilal A.; Sengupta S.; Bhattacharya S.
There are many software products that have been developed in the object-oriented paradigm. To incorporate the positive aspects of service-oriented paradigm (SOA) and address the issues related to increasing size and complexity of software products, they need to be evolved to service-oriented domain. There are some proven Object Oriented (OO) Design Tools that can be used for Service Oriented Application design incorporating both the behavioral and structural aspects in a seamless, consistent evolution that can be made from object oriented to service oriented domain. In this chapter, we concentrate on the evolution process of behavioral aspect of design from OO to SOA. Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) has become the de-facto standard for modeling business process on a conceptual level. Business processes are an integral part of service-oriented architecture. In service-oriented applications Use cases needs to be ordered along business processes. Business Processes visualize global control-flow across Use cases. Therefore, use of a business process language to visualize the dependencies among different use cases is of high importance. Use case diagram along with activity diagrams represents the behavioral aspect of a system in the analysis phase of an object-oriented system. To enable modeling the relationship among different behavioral aspects and evolve from object oriented domain to service oriented domain, a formal approach would help in establishing the foundation. In order to do that, in this work, we propose a formal framework, FAM (Formalized analysis model), which is a set of grammar based formalized Use case and Activity diagram elements of UML and a framework for verification of the diagrams, which includes syntactic correctness and requirement traceability. Along with that, we also propose FAM2BP (Formalized Analysis Model to Business Process) for transformation of Formalized Analysis Model (FAM) of object-oriented systems into BPMN process for SOA application using a set of rules that will help in generating business processes for SOA application directly from object oriented analysis models. This model would help in a consistent evolution of software development paradigms from Object Oriented to Service Oriented systems. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York. All rights are reserved.
Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Energy Storage and Catalysis
(Studium Press LLC, USA, 2013) Rajarao, Ravindra; Bhat, Badekai Ramachandra
Reuse of natural plant fibers for composite industrial applications
(2013) Bavan D.S.; Mohankumar, G.C.
Natural fibers are considered to be the next generation fibers for the composite manufacturers, because they have the potential to replace the synthetic or the traditional fibers. In the present days composite industries are emerging from small scale to large scale sectors, which include marine, aerospace, automotive, and other military applications. Among them natural plant fibers are widely used especially in automotive and structural applications, packaging industries, and others. Various issues and aspects of natural plant fibers for industrial applications are studied. Reuse and recycle of these plant fibers for the composite technologies are focused. Developments of these natural plant fibers for the industries are highly expected in the market. © 2013 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis as a powerful tool in the synthesis of biologically active chiral complex natural products
(2014) Gururaja G.N.; Waser M.
[No abstract available]
Protease: Enzyme-aided value-addition in food processing industries
(2014) Raval R.; Raval K.; Brar S.K.; Verma M.
Environmental and economic apprehensions behoove a reduction in food processing wastes and processing of food residuals to new value added products, enzyme being one of the means of obtaining the same. In this chapter we intend to exemplify the initiatives engendered by different groups to confront the issue of waste disposal and searching a more environment friendly method of handling the bio wastes. This has been elaborated by the panoramic view of the waste generated worldwide. In addition different enzymes produced using the industrial waste has been discussed. In the subsequent section, the trailing towards protease has been made. In continuation, an initiative made by different food based industries in the employment of protease in degradation of the industrial wastes has been touched on upon in the first section of the chapter. In the second section, the research on the use of various organic wastes generated by the food industries for the protease production by solid state fermentation has been discussed. This would in turn help in value addition of the organic waste generated. © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multicut-high dimensional model representation for reliability bounds estimation
(2015) Balu A.S.; Rao B.N.
The structural reliability analysis in presence of mixed uncertain variables demands more computation as the entire configuration of fuzzy variables needs to be explored. The existence of multiple design points plays an important role in the accuracy of results as the optimization algorithms may converge to a local design point by neglecting the main contribution from the global design point. Therefore, in this chapter, a method for estimating the reliability bounds of structural systems involving multiple design points in presence of mixed uncertain variables is presented. The proposed method involves weight function to identify multiple design points, multicut-high dimensional model representation for the limit state function approximation, transformation technique to obtain the contribution of the fuzzy variables and fast Fourier transform for solving the convolution integral. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Chitosan and its derivatives as potential materials for membrane technology
(2015) Kumar R.; Isloor, A.M.
Chitosan (CS), a biomaterial obtained via alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin, has recently attracted much attention from scientists across the globe. After cellulose, it is the second highest naturally occurring polymer on earth. It shows many excellent biological properties such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, antimicrobial activity, and immunological activity. As a membrane material, it has got excellent film-forming nature and hydrophilic in nature. Although the polymer backbone consists of hydrophilic functional groups, CS is normally insoluble in water and most of the common organic solvents. Chemical modification of CS is the best method to enhance its solubility at neutral pH or in organic solvents. So the obtained derivatives have got vast applications in the biomedical field as well as membrane technology. © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
The Effect of Cooling Rate and Cerium Melt Treatment on Thermal Analysis Parameters and Microstructure of Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloy
(2015) Vijeesh V.; Prabhu K.N.
In the present investigation, pure cerium ingots were added to Al- 8% Si alloy melt to study its effect on the microstructure and cooling curve parameters. The melt treated alloy was solidified against sand base, stainless steel, brass, and copper chills to study the effect of chilling. Ce treated alloys solidified against sand base resulted in refinement of the eutectic silicon along with the formation of Al-Si-Ce ternary intermetallic compound. Addition of Ce to alloys solidified against chills resulted in the complete modification of eutectic silicon. Thermal analysis results revealed that the nucleation temperatures of eutectic silicon decreased on addition of cerium to the chilled alloys due to the synergistic effect of chilling and cerium addition. The degree of modification achieved was higher due to the decrease in the formation of Ce intermetallic s at higher cooling rates. © 2015 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. All rights reserved.