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    Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells
    (wiley, 2023) Udaya Bhat, K.; Bhat Panemangalore, B.P.
    With the increase in energy demands, an incentive is given for scientific research towards providing sustained supply of energy to mankind. Among several alternative fuels, biofuel cells are an emerging field that is given a major impetus. Using a biological and chemical process to produce clean and efficient electrical energy can reduce the usage of to-be extinct fossil fuels. To facilitate these processes, enzymes and microbes play a very important role in transfer of electrons around the electrolyte and across electrodes. Several plant and animal-based products can be used and they are discussed. Among different materials used to synthesize biofuel cells, this chapter primarily discusses carbon-based nanomaterials which are attractive due to many significant properties it exhibits. Several such materials exist like graphite, carbon nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanorods that differ in morphology and presents remarkable opportunities to design and fabricate different varieties of biofuel cells. The composition and power densities of various biofuel cells are presented along with its several applications like in vivo implantation, energy extraction from body fluids and fruits. Smart textiles, self-powered biosensing applications of these biofuel cells suggest that research in this direction is an endless frontier. © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.
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    Ion exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis process
    (Elsevier, 2023) Nethravathi; Isloor, A.M.; Kumar, S.M.
    Global energy consumption and demand are increasing day by day. As we are all globally connected and evolving as a digitally civilized generation, the need for energy has to be addressed. This high energy demand is thus far being fulfill up to 80% by fossil fuel resources, which is a non-renewable source. The remaining 20% is provided by nuclear power, hydrothermal energy, and geothermal, solar, and wind energy. However, these renewable resources are practically not easy to manage. Recent studies have thus been focused on reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology, which can efficiently store sustainable energy using salinity gradients of water. This manuscript reviews the role of ion-exchange membranes in RED. Initially, the broad classification of ion-exchange membranes has been presented. Later, the chapter focuses on polymeric and nanomaterials employed in designing the profiled membranes with the mechanism of ion transport. Furthermore, challenges such as permselectivity and concentration polarization on the membrane are addressed. However, fundamental knowledge of the complex phenomena has to be adopted in the upcoming research for designing potential ion-exchange membranes in the RED applications. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.