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    Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
    (Elsevier, 2018) Devatha, C.P.; Thalla, A.K.
    The nanotechnology industry is increasingly promoting nano as a “green” technology that will improve the environmental performance of existing industries, reduce consumption of resources and energy, and allow achievement of environmentally benign economic expansion. Eco-friendly solutions are gaining popularity in the contemporary world. A green method for nanoparticle synthesis should be assessed considering three aspects: the solvent, the capping agent, and the reducing agent compared to physical and chemical methods. Particularly, the plant extracts mediated process is a good and advantageous method for the development of metal nanoparticles compared to using microorganisms, in which the cell maintenance time is limited. Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles are important steps to be adopted to apply nanoparticles in field applications, and these steps include preparation of leaf extract, Phytochemical screening, and preparation of precursor. Various factors affecting the synthesis of nanoparticles, such as pH, temperature, and time, will be discussed. The degradation of any organic compounds by the green approach (plant extracts) is mainly due to the presence of polyphenols in the biodegradable material. Although the synthesis of nanoparticles has been trending higher, their application in the area of waste water treatment has been limited until recently. Hence, the application of nanoparticles to waste water treatment will be discussed with a view toward paving the way for an alternate source of water. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Immunomodulatory effects of chitooligosaccharides
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Govindaraj, V.; Raval, K.; Raval, R.
    Chitooligosaccharide, a low molecular weight, biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide possess various biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing effects. Immunomodulation is one of the attractive features of chitooligosaccharide and it is being explored in recent years. Chitooligosaccharide acts on various signaling molecules involved in immune response to elicit the required immune stimulation or immune suppression. In-vitro and in-vivo studies provide us great insight on biological activities of chitooligosaccharides underpinning the immunomodulatory effects. Overview of innate and adaptive immunity and immunomodulation effects of chitooligosaccharide is explored in this chapter while highlighting synthesis and biological activities of chitooligosaccharides. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. All rights reserved.