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Item Study on heuristic approaches for symmetric traveling salesman problem(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2020) Yelmewad, P.; Talawar, B.Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is an NP-Hard class of combinatorial optimization problem. Getting an optimal solution for a large-scale TSP instance consumes infeasible time over the computational platform. Exact methods become intractable while solving large-scale TSP instances. Therefore, heuristic approaches are being used, which finds a satisfactory solution instead of an optimal solution in a reasonable time. The heuristic approach prohibits exploring all feasible solutions possible with exact methods; instead, either start with a random solution or construct a feasible solution following the specific criteria. This chapter presents the hybrid of improvement and construction heuristics, which produces a better cost-quality solution in lesser time. In the worst case, it creates a 1.91, 2.86 times better cost-quality compared to the improvement and construction heuristics, respectively. Moreover, it also provides the final cost in the least time, i.e., 16.51, 4.72 times faster than the improvement and construction heuristics, respectively. © 2020 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Item Nonvolatile Memory Technologies: Characteristics, Deployment, and Research Challenges(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Rai, S.; Talawar, B.Nonvolatile memory (NVM) is a class of memory that exhibits persistence, similar to secondary memory, while providing access speeds at least an order of two magnitudes faster. In this area, phase change memory (PCM), spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM), and resistive RAM (ReRAM) have emerged as the major contenders for commercial and industrial use. With the enormous amount of data being generated, most recent applications demand huge memory footprints, large bandwidth, low energy consumption, and low price. Conventional DRAM-based memories face several issues, such as scalability and high static power consumption. Hence there is a necessity to build alternative memory devices to satisfy the demands of new applications. In this regard, NVMs are gaining prominence these days. This chapter gives a complete overview of the NVM devices, including characteristics, deployment, and challenges in integrating them at different levels of the memory hierarchy. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.