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Item Ion exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis process(Elsevier, 2023) Nethravathi; Isloor, A.M.; Kumar, S.M.Global energy consumption and demand are increasing day by day. As we are all globally connected and evolving as a digitally civilized generation, the need for energy has to be addressed. This high energy demand is thus far being fulfill up to 80% by fossil fuel resources, which is a non-renewable source. The remaining 20% is provided by nuclear power, hydrothermal energy, and geothermal, solar, and wind energy. However, these renewable resources are practically not easy to manage. Recent studies have thus been focused on reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology, which can efficiently store sustainable energy using salinity gradients of water. This manuscript reviews the role of ion-exchange membranes in RED. Initially, the broad classification of ion-exchange membranes has been presented. Later, the chapter focuses on polymeric and nanomaterials employed in designing the profiled membranes with the mechanism of ion transport. Furthermore, challenges such as permselectivity and concentration polarization on the membrane are addressed. However, fundamental knowledge of the complex phenomena has to be adopted in the upcoming research for designing potential ion-exchange membranes in the RED applications. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item A Review of Diverse Membrane Materials for Haemodialysis(CRC Press, 2023) Pallavi, K.C.; Isloor, A.M.; Kumar, S.M.; Mohammad, A.W.The kidney is a principal organ of the body which clarifies the uremic toxins and other metabolites from the blood. It can start malfunctioning due to various health conditions, in which case the process of extracorporeal blood purification - the haemodialysis - comes into focus. An efficient membrane is the heart of any dialysis technique. Selection of a proper dialysis membrane relies mainly on the material biocompatibility, toxin rejection, and antifouling profile. Many bio-derived polymers such as chitosan, cellulose acetate, and polylactic acid have been found to be attractive in terms of outstanding cytocompatibility. The existing low-range mechanical robustness of bio-derived polymeric substrates can be facilitated by the immobilization of membrane through use of nanoparticles. Polyetherimide, polyether sulfone, poly(vinylidene fluoride), and polysulfone which belong to the synthetic polymers are also utilized as dialysis membrane materials. Modifiers or nanostructured particles such as bioactive glass, anticoagulant-natured heparin, some copolymers, graphene oxide, and many more are incorporated into a membrane for its integration in terms of cytocompatibility, hydrophilicity, selective rejection, good permeation. and antifouling characteristics. The membrane-blood compatibility is assessed with respect to the lowered adhesion of platelets and proteins, long durable plasma recalcification time, reduced thrombus formation, and haemolysis proportion. A wide variety of polymer recipes have been developed for the fabrication of haemodialysis membranes. This chapter traces the various distinctive attempts made by researchers that have been appreciable in developing a potent haemodialysis membrane set-up. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anil Kumar Pabby; S. Ranil Wickramasinghe; and Ana- Maria Sastre; individual chapters, the contributors.