1. Ph.D Theses
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/1/11
Browse
6 results
Search Results
Item Development and Characterization of Polydimethylsiloxane and Carbon black Composites for Photo Actuation(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2020) Hiremath, Shivashankarayya.; Kulkarni, S M.There has been a rapid increase in the number of multidisciplinary research activities in the last two decades. The limits between disciplines are narrowing, as scientists in distinct areas coming up with intriguing concepts that combine expertise in a distinct field. The motive behind this multidisciplinary research arises from nature. Nature inspires us to mimic or generate thoughts for different applications that can enhance or change the requirements of society. The objective of the present research is to develop a photo actuator using composite material for microcantilevers, micro-grippers, micro-robots, photo-switches, micromotors, energy harvesting, and other smart photo devices. The cantilever beam is designed as a single and bilayer structure, actuated by photothermal action. It consists of polydimethylsiloxane and carbon black composites. Thus, there is thermomechanical deformation owing to the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion as well as the rise in the thermal conductivity of the composite material. The composite beam also induces thermal stress due to differences in the temperature of the beam involved in the adsorption of the light source. The methods engaged in the current investigation of the photo actuator are empirical, numerical (Finite Element) modeling, analytical, and composite material processing and characterization. The empirical model has been used to comprehend and compare the properties of the composite material. Also, material modeling of more significant characterizations is being studied using numerically. The carbon black and polydimethylsiloxane materials have been procured, and the composites have been synthesized using the solution casting technique. Composite properties have been studied by performing various characterization tests for physical, mechanical, thermal, optical, dielectric, and microstructure. Analytical and numerical studies were implemented to investigate the optimum value by varying the thickness and volume percentage of the filler material at different temperatures. The photo actuation test setup was built, and thex composite beam has been tested. Finally, the proposed conceptual model was developed and tested in the laboratory environment. The approach of empirical and numerical (Finite Element) material modeling, composite material characterization, analytical and numerical modeling of actuator models, and proposed prototypes have been discussed. The empirical models were used to estimate the density, elastic modulus, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and dielectric permittivity of the composite material, and numerical (FE) modeling is also performed for the more influencing parameters of the actuator. The results of material modeling were compared with experimental results. The carbon black particulate-filled polymer composite is developed for the investigation of density, mechanical, thermal, optical, and dielectric characteristics. The inclusion of the filler significantly improves the features of the matrix material. The density of the composite enhanced as the content of the reinforcement is increased from 5 to 25 Vol %. The elastic modulus of the composite is 57% higher than the plain matrix material. The thermal conductivity of the composite was substantially improved both numerically and experimentally. The inclusion of carbon black fillers into the PDMS leads to the reduction of the coefficient of thermal expansion. Also, the same is proved using the numerical method. The dielectric constant of the composite is improved significantly more by varying filler concentration. Analytical and numerical modeling has been carried out using commercially accessible software. Analytical findings on the deflection of the composite beam are validated with numerical modeling. The results are almost similar to each other, with a varying percentage of carbon black content and a change in the thicknesses of the layers. The bilayer composite beam is significantly more deflective than the single-layer beam. Also, by altering the temperature of the layers, the bilayer composite beam indicates considerably more deflection than the single layer. In continuing with this, the single and bilayer composite beams are tested experimentally, and it is a good agreement with numerical results. Finally, the proposed conceptual model of the photo actuator tested successfully. Attempts arexi being made in the present research to use a polymer composite beam for photo actuation and testing for the suggested prototype system. The dissertation is typically composed of empirical, numerical (FE), analytical modeling, and experimental approaches. Also, the characterization of the composite material and the efficiency of the photo actuator have been highlighted. As a result, PDMS and CB composites could be suggested for one of the photo actuator material.Item A Study on Multi Doping Effect on Ceria Based Materials for Soot Oxidation Activity(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2019) P. A, Anjana; Dasari, Hari PrasadCeria-based metal oxides are widely adopted as catalyst for various applications significantly due to its distinct features of cyclic redox properties, oxygen storage capacity, high metal solubility and thus, better solid solution formation. This work evaluates the impact of multi-dopants on ceria-based metal oxides for soot oxidation catalytic activity. An initial study on single metal oxides confirmed that the intrinsic nature of metal cation dictates the catalytic activity. Such that reducibility property controls the activity for redox metal oxides (CeO2, SnO2, Pr6O11, Mn3O4) and structural properties control for non-redox metal oxides (Gd2O3, La2O3, ZrO2, HfO2 and Sm2O3). Study on binary ceria-based metal oxide (CeO2-HfO2) confirms that the structural parameter (morphology and phase stability) controls the activity over whole composition range. With increase in dopant, phase separation occurs from fluorite phase, which in turn results in a morphological modification that reduces the catalytic activity. Ternary dopant (Mn) addition to the binary metal oxide (CeO2- HfO2 highest activity among binary metal oxide) at optimum composition enhances catalytic activity due to simultaneous reduction of Ce3+ and Mn4+ and improved oxygen vacancy. On further addition of dopant (Li, Ag, Ba and K) to CeO2-HfO2-Mn2O3 results in quaternary metal oxide that shows lowering of band gap, reactive planes and oxygen active sites that reduces active site and results in catalytic deactivation. Ternary doped sample along with binary metal oxides show the maximum activity due to its lower optical band gap, higher F2g content, higher reactive facet planes and higher reducibility ratio. Thus, it is not a single parameter that dictates the catalytic activity of ceria-based metal oxides. Intrinsic descriptors that control the activity are dopant nature, concentration and interference, apart from the extrinsic descriptor, that significantly modifies surface oxygen concentration. The thesis focuses the descriptors that actually controls the catalytic activity for multi doped ceria based metal oxides.Item Studies on the Production of Biosurfactant(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2013) A, Aparna; Srinikethan, G; Hegde, SmithaPetroleum hydrocarbons are an integral part of modern developed society as various petroleum fractions provide essential resources for energy, transportation, synthesis of plastics and chemicals, etc. They constitute a large and diverse class of around 250 hydrocarbon compounds consisting of varying constituents and molecular complexity ranging from complex mixture of saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes. The extensive production and use of these hydrocarbons has resulted in widespread environmental contamination. These hydrocarbons reach the environment from leaking underground storage tanks, petroleum refineries and bulk storage facilities, harbour operations, broken oil pipelines, effluent discharges from petroleum industries, spills of petroleum products in chemical plants and transportation processes. Moreover, these hydrocarbons fall into the category of persistent pollutants. When these pollutants are released into the environment; they cause air, water as well as soil pollution. Contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons is a major environmental concern since many of its constituents are highly toxic, carcinogenic and are poorly biodegradable in nature. The contamination of environment by these hydrocarbons can also result in uptake and accumulation of these contaminants in food chains, thereby causing harm to the flora and fauna. Many of these contaminated sites threaten to become sources of contamination to drinking water supplies and thereby, constitute substantial health hazards. Due to the serious and long-term damage caused to the ecosystems, terrestrial life, human health and natural resources; there is a need to remediate the sites which are by petroleum hydrocarbons. The processes leading to the eventual removal of hydrocarbon pollutants from the environment involves various physical, chemical and biological methods or a combination of them. Physical and chemical remedial methods include adsorption, incineration, thermal desorption, solvent extraction, evaporation, etc. These methods are expensive, requires high energy input and also results in significant greenhouse gasemissions. Moreover, they involve the transfer of the contaminant to another medium rather than eliminating the contaminant. Bioremediation has proven to be an efficient, ecofriendly and cost-effective approach to alleviate petroleum hydrocarbon contamination from the environment. The driving force for petroleum biodegradation is the ability of microorganisms to utilize hydrocarbons for their growth and energy needs. One of the widely accepted bioremediation methods of petroleum hydrocarbons is biodegradation. The biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is affected by many factors such as water, oxygen and nutrients. In addition, the lack or reduced bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons to the microorganisms affects the biodegradation of these hydrocarbons. One of the options to increase bioavailability of the petroleum hydrocarbons to the microorganism is the use of surfactants. Surfactants emulsify the petroleum hydrocarbons, increase the surface area and thereby, increase the rate of biodegradation of these hydrocarbons. Surfactants used in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons earlier were synthetic surfactants which are synthesized from petroleum based products. Since synthetic surfactants are derived from petroleum based products, they are commonly toxic to ecosystems and resistant to complete degradation. Moreover, they act like secondary pollutants in the environment. An increase in the concern about environmental protection has recently caused the consideration of alternatives to synthetic surfactants. Surfactants produced by microorganisms, called biosurfactants, are gaining importance as they exhibit lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, better environmental compatibility and selectivity. They are versatile process chemicals used in various industries such as cosmetic, petroleum, pharmaceutical, etc. While reviewing the literature, it has been observed that there is less data with respect to isolation and identification of potential surfactant producing microorganisms,studies on conditions required for the maximum production of surfactant and utilization of the surfactants in the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from the affected medium. In this context, the objectives of the present research were formulated. Studies were initiated for the isolation and screening of surfactant potential producing microorganisms, identification of a potential surfactant producing bacteria, studies on the effect of various process parameters on surfactant production by the potential surfactant producer and the usage of surfactant in the biodegradation of crude oil. Reports in the literature suggest that the prior exposure of microbial community in the soil as well as water environments to the petroleum hydrocarbon contaminant increases the incidences of the isolation of surfactant producing microorganisms due to the acclimatization of microorganisms to the contaminated environment. It has been postulated by various researchers that the function of biosurfactant is related to hydrocarbon uptake and therefore, a spontaneous release of biosurfactant occurs in the presence of the hydrocarbon substrate. Hence, in the present study, soil and water samples were collected from various petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated localities in and around Mangalore, Karnataka. The soil and water samples were subjected to enrichment with crude oil in order to increase the chances of isolating microorganisms possessing the ability to produce surfactant. The study resulted in isolation of several microorganisms which were further screened for their ability to produce surfactant. Among several isolates, a bacterial isolate, designated as potential extracellular surfactant producer based on its ability to produce halos on selective Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB)-methylene blue agar medium, rapid drop collapse reaction and reduction in surface tension from 71.39 mN/m to 29.33 mN/m. Based on microscopic studies, biochemical tests and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing, the candidate bacterial strain 2B, was identified as a novel Pseudomonas sp.Hence, the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of the novel isolated bacterium was submitted in the GenBank database with an accession number JF683582. In the present research, we report surfactant production by the novel Pseudomonas sp. 2B. In the present research work, we also have compared the data of Pseudomonas sp. 2B. with that of already reported surfactant producer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), that was procured from National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India. The bacterial strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), was selected based on references cited in the literature. The effect of various process parameters influencing surfactant production by Pseudomonas sp. 2B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, was studied. The process parameters assessed for their ability to produce maximum surfactant by the bacterial strains included inoculum size, initial medium pH, incubation temperature, agitation speed, type and concentration of carbon source, type of nitrogen source, inducer, buffer and salinity. Pseudomonas sp. 2B produced maximum surfactant at 2% (v/v) inoculum size, initial production medium pH 7, incubation temperature of 37oC, agitation speed of 150 rpm, 30 g/L (w/v) glucose as carbon source, using a combination of peptone and potassium nitrate, olive oil as inducer, Tris HCl buffer and 1% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Maximum surfactant was produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 3% (v/v) inoculum size, initial production medium pH 7, incubation temperature of 37oC, agitation speed of 150 rpm, 30 g/L (w/v) glucose as carbon source, using a combination of yeast extract and ammonium chloride, n-hexadecane as inducer, Tris HCl buffer and 0.5% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Plackett-Burman method was used to screen process variables affecting surfactant production by the bacterial strains. Glucose as carbon source, potassium nitrate as nitrogen source and olive oil as inducer had significant effect on surfactant production by Pseudomonas sp. 2B whereas glucose as carbon source, ammonium chloride as nitrogensource and n-hexadecane as inducer had significant effect on surfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To obtain the optimal concentrations of these process variables leading to maximum surfactant production by the bacterial strains, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used. The optimum concentration of factors leading to maximum surfactant production by Pseudomonas sp. 2B was found to be 35.7645 g/L of glucose, 3.5% of olive oil and 5.5425 g/L of potassium nitrate. A maximum of 14.63 g/L of surfactant was produced by Pseudomonas sp. 2B using the RSM studies, the corresponding surface tension of the cell-free broth showed lowest value, i.e. 21.98 mN/m. The optimum concentration of factors leading to maximum surfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be 35.7645 g/L of glucose, 3.5% of nhexadecane and 5.6274 g/L of ammonium chloride. Using the RSM studies, a maximum of 10.69 g/L of surfactant was produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the corresponding surface tension of the cell-free broth was found to be 25.31 mN/m. During the production of surfactant by the bacterial strains, the quantity of cellular biomass, specific growth rate (μ), maximum growth rate (μmax) and substrate utilization constant (Ks) were determined. In addition, kinetic parameters were evaluated in terms of yield factors-surfactant production to substrate utilization (YP/S), dry cell biomass to substrate utilization (YX/S) and surfactant production to dry cell biomass (YP/X). The study further revealed that the surfactant produced by both the bacterial strains were “primary metabolites” since the production of surfactant coincided with exponential growth phase of the bacterial strains. The surfactant produced by the bacterial strains, Pseudomonas sp. 2B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, were subjected to extraction as well as partial purification. Acidification followed by chloroform: methanol mixture (2:1) extraction was effective in the extraction of the extracellular surfactant from the cell-free broth of 2B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, as both polar and non-polar components present in the surfactant could be extracted as compared to other extraction methods. Theresults of the column chromatography experiments indicated that the surfactants produced by the bacterial strains were made up of different moieties as suggested by the surface tension values of the different fractions eluted during the experiments. The surfactant produced by Pseudomonas sp. 2B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, were characterized using thin layer chromatography, biochemical analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques. The results revealed that the surfactant produced by both the bacterial strains were rhamnolipoproteins. The cell-free broth containing the surfactant as well as partially purified surfactant produced by the bacterial strains, Pseudomonas sp. 2B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, were found to be stable over a wide range of temperature, pH and salinity. The study also revealed that the cell-free broth could be directly applied without any purification step since the surface tension of the cell-free broth did not vary significantly from that of the partially purified surfactant in varied environmental conditions. The efficiency of surfactant produced by Pseudomonas sp. 2B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, was tested in the biodegradation of crude oil by Nocardia hydrocarboxydans NCIM 2386. 95.5% and 93.5% of crude oil degradation was achieved over a span of 42 days in the presence of surfactants produced by Pseudomonas sp. 2B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. In the control flask, 65.25% of crude oil biodegradation was observed. This suggests that the surfactant produced by the bacterial strains can be used for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites.Item Processing and Characterization of Inconel 625–Sic Metal Matrix Composites by Direct Metal Laser Sintering(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2016) N. H, Sateesh; Mohan Kumar, G. C.; Krishna, PrasadMetal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are gaining wide spread popularity because of their superior mechanical properties such as high mechanical strength; wear resistance, excellent thermal conductivity and ability to retain strength at high temperature. Most of the work on MMCs till date is focused on development of aluminium, copper, magnesium, and titanium based MMCs. Lot of interest is shown now-a-days on aerospace and high temperature materials such as Inconel 625 superalloy which finds an application in important sectors like gas turbines, air craft engine components and electronic parts like cathode ray tube spiders, and springs. Also, excellent resistance to corrosion in purity water environment led to its use in the construction of control rods in nuclear reactors. Most of MMCs are developed by various methods like powder metallurgy, conventional casting, and very few researchers have reported about the processing of MMCs by different laser based additive manufacturing processes. In the present thesis work, Nickel based Inconel-625 (IN625) metal matrix composites were processed using “Direct Metal Laser Sintering” (DMLS) additive manufacturing process. Silicon carbide (SiC) particles, coated with NiP and IN625 particles are premixed using hexagonal double cone blender for homogeneity of particulates. MMCs are developed in DMLS under nitrogen atmosphere using CO2 laser and deposition of IN625 with addition of 1, 3, 5 weight percentage of NiP coated SiC particles was done using laser additive manufacturing process. The physical and mechanical behaviour of the MMCs were thoroughly examined. The micro-structure, density, micro-hardness, tensile properties, corrosion properties and machinability of the developed composites were studied. The distribution of SiC particles and microstructures were characterized by using optical and scanning electron micrographs. The results of the experiments were clearly reveal that the interface integrity between the SiC particles and the IN625 matrix, the mixed particulates flowability, the SiC ceramic particles and laser beam interaction, and the mechanical and physicaliv properties of the developed MMCs were improved effectively by the use of NiP coated SiC particles. The results reveal that the NiP coated SiC particles can be used to reinforce IN625 using laser additive DMLS process. The micro-structure of IN625 matrix become more refined with the addition of more SiC particles, and the shape of the grains switched over from columnar dendrite to cellular equi-axed form. There is an increment in hardness by 33 % above the base IN625 material because of rarefaction in micro-structure with more addition of NiP coated SiC particulates. Lower density and hardness, at higher scan speed, due to increased porosity and higher density and hardness, due to high dislocation density and also because of excellent bonding between matrix and reinforcement was observed. Significant improvements in the tensile properties are observed and are due to micro-structure refinement and strengthening effect by addition of NiP coated SiC particles. With the addition of 3 weight percentage of NiP coated SiC, the UTS and YS increases by 12 % and 10 % respectively, compared to laser deposited IN625. The addition of NiP coated SiC particles into IN625 matrix beyond 3 weight percentage resulted in drastic reduction in UTS, YS and elongation because of increase in thermal cracking and due to large stress concentration around the reinforcement. This will lead to premature failure during straining of composites. Further the corrosion studies indicate that the rate of corrosion increases with increase in laser scan speed because of increased porosity. The corrosion rate decreases with the increase in weight percentage of reinforcement because of effective laser absorption by NiP coated SiC particles. The machinability studies was carried out using Wire Electrical Discharge Machine (WEDM), and the results shows that the discharge current and weight percentage of NiP coated SiC have profound effect on machining time and surface roughness of developed composites.Item Biosynthesis of Lead Selenide (PbSe) Quantum Particles in Marine Fungus(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2016) Jacob, Jaya Mary; B, Raj MohanLead selenide (PbSe) quantum particles (QPs), a typical semiconductor material of the IV–VI group are capturing the attention of material scientists for their shape controlled synthesis to utilize their excellent size tunable optical properties in diverse sectors. In order to address the disadvantages of the traditional chemical approach for PbSe QP synthesis, biosynthesis of these technologically relevant nano-fabrications was initiated in Pb and Se tolerant marine Aspergillus terreus. The formation of PbSe QPs were confirmed using TEM and SEM images that revealed the formation of rod like structures having an average diameter of 59 nm with an aspect ratio between 10 and 70. Detailed characterization to reveal the other structural and optical properties of the colloidal PbSe QPs were also carried out. The cyclic voltammogram of the biosynthesized PbSe QPs were characterized with five reaction peaks corresponding to the oxidation of PbSe, Se2O3 and Pb(OH)2 and the reduction of PbO2 and Pb(OH)2. Further, the statistical optimization of the process parameters during the biosynthesis of PbSe QPs for an enhanced fluorescence was carried out. It was observed that parameter optimization results in a florescence blue shift and a reduction in PbSe QP’s size to dimensions comparable to its excitonic Bohr radius (21nm). The fluorescence amenability of the biosynthesized PbSe QPs was utilized for the development of in-situ cadmium (II) sensing array. Initial experimental observations revealed sensitive and detectable quenching in fluorescence of the biogenic colloidal PbSe QPs in the presence of cadmium (II) ions in comparison to other tested metal ions. Subsequently advanced chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the involvement of metal binding peptides namely metallothioneins, phytochelatins and superoxide dismutase that play a prominent role in the microbial metal detoxification system for the biosynthesis of PbSe QDs.Item Characterization of CNT Reinforced Al Functionally Graded Composite Laminates(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2017) Udupa, Gururaja; Rao, Shrikantha S.; Gangadharan, K. V.Functionally graded composite laminate materials(FGCL) are special kind of new generation materials aimed at meeting new requirements of engineering applications. It contains, two or multi-phase particulate composites in which material composition and microstructure are characterized by continuous, smooth variations on macroscopic scale designed to meet desired functional performance. The absence of sharp interfaces in FGCL reduce chances of material property mismatch and thus leading to significant improvement in damage resistance and mechanical durability. Therefore, FGCL’s are of great interest in disciplines as diverse as civil, electrical, mechanical, nuclear and nano engineering applications. However, the extent to which an FGCL can be tailored to meet the required performance –i.e., the design of FGCL strongly depends on the resultant effective properties and more importantly, on how these properties relate to its functional requirements. Hence, predicting mechanical, thermal or other relevant properties for given microstructure and its spatial distribution plays a significant role in the design of FGCL. Objective and scope of the present work includes planning, preparation of CNT reinforced Al Functionally graded composite laminates by mechanical Powder Metallurgy technique and experimental testing for its characteristic properties. FG samples are prepared by varying the content of CNT (0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt.%)in weight percentage and tested. Such prepared FGCL samples are tested for physical and mechanical properties. Before the FGCL samples are prepared, simple composite samples are prepared for same weight fraction of CNT reinforcement to characterize the microstructure and tested for the hardness. These composites are tested as per the ASTM guidelines. Once the results are confirmed, FGCL samples are designed for same weight fraction of reinforcement in layered fashion. The weight fraction is proportionally increased from 0.1 to 0.5wt.% from one end to the other end of the sample. The density, hardness and tensile behavior of FGCL samples are experimentally evaluated. These properties are found to be increasing with addition of CNT reinforcement. The damping ratio of composite and FGCL is estimated from impact hammer test, which demonstrated the significance of FGCL on the damping characteristics compared to a conventional composite material.At present work, more focus on developing high wear resistance, light weight, good damping material with moderate good thermal conductivity material for brake rotor applications. Experimental investigation on FGCL proved good tensile stress properties with 0.5wt.% CNT reinforcement and these results are proven good agreement with characterization of microstructure. Microhardness for the cross-section of FG samples linearly varies with the increment in CNT reinforcement, which results in the variation of microstructure. Reduction in grain size found for 0.1 to 0.5wt.% CNT reinforcement, observed staggered layer of microstructure. The hardness of the developed material become high on the 0.5wt.% CNT reinforced side. Wear properties are investigated with proper Design of Experiments by using Taguchi techniques for three parameters(Load, Abrasive grit size, Weight percent of CNT). It revealed that reinforcement of CNT affected reduction in the friction between the matting surface due to the formation of lubrication layers. Good wear resistance is observed for 0.25 to 0.4 wt.% CNT reinforcement. This result is in good agreement with the observation of SEM images for same weight fraction of CNT reinforcement. ANOVA results proved load, wear surface(Abrasive grit size) are the prominent factors for wear and CNT reinforcements improved the wear resistance in the materials. Finally, the improvement in thermal conductivity has been observed on CNT reinforcement. Furthermore, FGCL’s are associated with particulate composites where the weight fraction of particles varies in one or several directions. One of the advantages of a monotonous variation of weight fraction of constituent phases is the elimination of stress discontinuity that is often encountered in laminated composites and accordingly, avoiding delaminating-related problems. Investigation on developed FGCL samples found good agreement with the continuity in microstructure without step deviation as well as the hardness variation. Good damping behavior and wear resistance ability with improved thermal conductivity features could be a promising proposition for brake rotor materials. Insertion of developed light weight CNT reinforced FGCL between the cast iron plate on brake rotor make a huge impact on weight reduction and cost economics.