Browsing by Author "Patil, A.G."

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Characterization of composites based on biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) and nanostructured fly ash with an emphasis on polymer-filler interaction
(2016) Patil, A.G.; Selvakumar, M.; Anandhan, S.
A thermal power station fly ash (FA) was mechanochemically activated by high-energy ball milling that yielded nanostructured FA. This nanostructured FA was incorporated into biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix by solution mixing and ultrasonication. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the smooth spherical particles of FA were changed into irregular and rough ones; in addition, the particle size of FA was reduced to a few hundred nanometers, and its specific surface area value increased after the high-energy milling process. All these factors, in turn, led to a thermodynamically favorable interaction between the mechanochemically activated FA and PVA as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The incorporation of a very small amount of the nanostructured FA led to an increase in crystallinity of the polymer matrix. The glass transition temperature of the PVA matrix increased by about 18 C when 5 wt% of the nanostructured FA was used as the reinforcement. The Author(s) 2014.
Characterization of composites based on biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) and nanostructured fly ash with an emphasis on polymer-filler interaction
(SAGE Publications Ltd info@sagepub.co.uk, 2016) Patil, A.G.; SelvaKumar, M.; Anandhan, S.
A thermal power station fly ash (FA) was mechanochemically activated by high-energy ball milling that yielded nanostructured FA. This nanostructured FA was incorporated into biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix by solution mixing and ultrasonication. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the smooth spherical particles of FA were changed into irregular and rough ones; in addition, the particle size of FA was reduced to a few hundred nanometers, and its specific surface area value increased after the high-energy milling process. All these factors, in turn, led to a thermodynamically favorable interaction between the mechanochemically activated FA and PVA as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The incorporation of a very small amount of the nanostructured FA led to an increase in crystallinity of the polymer matrix. The glass transition temperature of the PVA matrix increased by about 18°C when 5 wt% of the nanostructured FA was used as the reinforcement. © The Author(s) 2014.
Chitosan composites reinforced with nanostructured waste fly ash
(2017) Patil, A.G.; Poornachandra, S.; Gumageri, R.; Rajkumar, K.; Anandhan, S.
This paper outlines the preparation and characterization of chitosan (CS) composites reinforced with mechano-chemically activated fly ash (MCA-FA). A series of composite films was prepared by solution casting method with varying filler content. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed good compatibility between the CS matrix and MCA-FA. The surface roughness and irregularity in shape of MCA-FA resulted in its efficient mechanical interlocking with the polymer matrix. This, in turn enhanced the mechanical properties of these composites. All the composite films exhibited a higher tensile strength and a lower percentage of elongation-at-break compared with the pure CS film. The highest tensile strength was observed for the composite films with 1 wt% of filler loading and the reduction in the tensile properties at higher filler loading was due to agglomeration of filler and polymer filler interface debonding. The tensile strength data were analyzed using Nielsen and Pukanzsky models to understand the interface formation and polymer filler interactions. Thermal properties showed a marginal improvement due to the incorporation of MCA-FA. Overall, this study indicates that MCA-FA could be used as value added filler in polymer matrix composites. 2016, Springer Japan.
Chitosan composites reinforced with nanostructured waste fly ash
(Springer Japan, 2017) Patil, A.G.; Poornachandra, S.; Gumageri, R.; Rajkumar, K.; Anandhan, S.
This paper outlines the preparation and characterization of chitosan (CS) composites reinforced with mechano-chemically activated fly ash (MCA-FA). A series of composite films was prepared by solution casting method with varying filler content. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed good compatibility between the CS matrix and MCA-FA. The surface roughness and irregularity in shape of MCA-FA resulted in its efficient mechanical interlocking with the polymer matrix. This, in turn enhanced the mechanical properties of these composites. All the composite films exhibited a higher tensile strength and a lower percentage of elongation-at-break compared with the pure CS film. The highest tensile strength was observed for the composite films with 1 wt% of filler loading and the reduction in the tensile properties at higher filler loading was due to agglomeration of filler and polymer–filler interface debonding. The tensile strength data were analyzed using Nielsen and Pukanzsky models to understand the interface formation and polymer–filler interactions. Thermal properties showed a marginal improvement due to the incorporation of MCA-FA. Overall, this study indicates that MCA-FA could be used as value added filler in polymer matrix composites. © 2016, Springer Japan.
Ductility and Flame Retardancy Enhancement of PVC by Nanostructured Fly Ash
(2019) Patil, A.G.; Mahendran, A.; Selvakumar, M.; Anandhan, S.
Fly ash (FA) obtained from a coal-fired local thermal power station was converted into a nanostructured material by mechano-chemical activation using a high energy planetary ball mill. Contact angle measurements and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the surface modification of mechano-chemically activated FA (MCA-FA). Subsequently, a solution casting method was used to prepare poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix composites with varying amounts of fresh FA and MCA-FA. Mechanical testing results of the composites revealed that incorporation of fresh FA in PVC resulted in a higher tensile strength with brittle failure; addition of MCA-FA to PVC resulted in higher elongation at break values while retaining the ductility of the PVC. We have proposed a plausible mechanism explaining the influence of fresh FA and MCA-FA on the mechanical behavior of these composites. As fresh FA and MCA-FA contain basic oxide materials, they tend to improve the fire retardancy of PVC even at a very small loading. Overall, the nanostructured MCA-FA could find application as a filler in PVC-based products. 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Ductility and Flame Retardancy Enhancement of PVC by Nanostructured Fly Ash
(Springer editorial@springerplus.com, 2019) Patil, A.G.; Mahendran, A.; SelvaKumar, M.; Anandhan, S.
Fly ash (FA) obtained from a coal-fired local thermal power station was converted into a nanostructured material by mechano-chemical activation using a high energy planetary ball mill. Contact angle measurements and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the surface modification of mechano-chemically activated FA (MCA-FA). Subsequently, a solution casting method was used to prepare poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix composites with varying amounts of fresh FA and MCA-FA. Mechanical testing results of the composites revealed that incorporation of fresh FA in PVC resulted in a higher tensile strength with brittle failure; addition of MCA-FA to PVC resulted in higher elongation at break values while retaining the ductility of the PVC. We have proposed a plausible mechanism explaining the influence of fresh FA and MCA-FA on the mechanical behavior of these composites. As fresh FA and MCA-FA contain basic oxide materials, they tend to improve the fire retardancy of PVC even at a very small loading. Overall, the nanostructured MCA-FA could find application as a filler in PVC-based products. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Fly Ash-Based Polymer Matrix Composites
(CRC Press, 2016) Patil, A.G.; Srinivasan, A.; Bandyopadhyay, S.
One can consider plastics as nonrenewable materials, as many of the widely used ones are derived from petroleum and hold up to 95% of the market share. e ecacy of plastic consumption can be reduced in many cases by adding inexpensive llers, which contribute to the volume of the nal product, at the same time providing the adequate strength to the product for intended use. Another way of reducing the usage of plastics to a large extent is by adding nano/microsized reinforcements (sometimes referred to as llers) to the polymer matrix through which the several properties of the matrix can be controlled meticulously. By doing so, these materials can outperform the conventional pristine plastics with a lower consumption rate. For instance, addition of layered llers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) improves the gas barrier properties and strength; therefore, the thickness of the PET bottles can be reduced to meet the barrier properties of the current requirements compared with the pure PET. © 2017 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Fly ash-reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) composites
(Elsevier, 2021) Anandhan, S.; SelvaKumar, S.; Patil, A.G.
Fly ash (FA) is a waste residue and huge amounts of it have been produced from coal-fired power plants. As a result, it has become a serious issue and there is an urgent need to reduce its accretion as well as improve the safe disposal of FA as it has many toxic constituents including lead, arsenic, and chromium. In an effort to utilize FA, it has been widely used as filler for fabricating polymer composites to improve their performance. Recently, FA-incorporated polymers have received the attention of researchers and industries due to their remarkable properties, such as improved mechanical strength without sacrificing their elasticity, thermal, flame resistance, wettability, resistance to hydrolysis, and possessing excellent dynamic mechanical properties even at low temperatures. In comparison with conventional FA-based polymer composites, those based on surface-modified FA and nanostructured FA (NFA) exhibit superior mechanical and technical properties. The present article reviews various aspects of poly(vinyl alcohol)/FA-based composites. It also focuses on the effect of particle size reduction of FA on the physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/NFA composites. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Influence of planetary ball milling parameters on the mechano-chemical activation of fly ash
(2015) Patil, A.G.; Anandhan, S.
This study illustrates the design of statistical analysis by Taguchi methodology to obtain nanostructured fly ash by planetary ball milling. An orthogonal array and analysis of variance were employed to analyze the effect of milling parameters. A class-F fly ash was subjected to planetary ball milling induced mechano-chemical activation aided by a surfactant. Ball milling parameters, such as ball-to-powder weight ratio, type and quantity of surfactant and type of medium were varied as guided by the Taguchi design. The nanostructured fly ash was characterized by dynamic light scattering, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The ball-to-powder weight ratio and the surfactant type are the major influencing factors on lower crystallite size and average particle size and higher specific surface area. The surface modification of fly ash was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The nano fly ash produced by this method has a wide application potential in polymer industries as reinforcement in composites. 2015 Elsevier B.V.
Influence of planetary ball milling parameters on the mechano-chemical activation of fly ash
(Elsevier, 2015) Patil, A.G.; Anandhan, S.
This study illustrates the design of statistical analysis by Taguchi methodology to obtain nanostructured fly ash by planetary ball milling. An orthogonal array and analysis of variance were employed to analyze the effect of milling parameters. A class-F fly ash was subjected to planetary ball milling induced mechano-chemical activation aided by a surfactant. Ball milling parameters, such as ball-to-powder weight ratio, type and quantity of surfactant and type of medium were varied as guided by the Taguchi design. The nanostructured fly ash was characterized by dynamic light scattering, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The ball-to-powder weight ratio and the surfactant type are the major influencing factors on lower crystallite size and average particle size and higher specific surface area. The surface modification of fly ash was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The nano fly ash produced by this method has a wide application potential in polymer industries as reinforcement in composites. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
Interparticle interactions and lacunarity of mechano-chemically activated fly ash
(2015) Patil, A.G.; Shanmugharaj, A.M.; Anandhan, S.
A class F fly ash was subjected to high-energy ball milling-induced mechano-chemical activation aided by a surfactant. The resultant nanostructured fly ash was characterized by various techniques. X-ray fluorescence results showed that the amount of iron oxide was reduced from 4.39% to 2.75% after pre-treatment of fly ash by magnetic separation. Ethyl acetate as the milling medium, a ball to powder ratio of 12:1 and 2wt% of surfactant reduced the average particle size of fly ash to 329nm and led to a specific surface area of 8.73m2/g. The decrease in crystallite size of mechano-chemically activated fly ash was confirmed from a reduction in peak intensity with a broadened amorphous phase by X-ray diffraction studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic characterization illustrated that peak area of major elements (O, Si and Al) increased after milling. Morphological and FTIR studies revealed that the smooth and inert surface of the fly ash was converted to a rough and more reactive one after mechano-chemical activation. The surface modification of fly ash with the surfactant was determined from FTIR spectroscopy. Also, a fractal approach was used to characterize the lacunarity of the agglomerates in the nanostructured fly ash. 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Interparticle interactions and lacunarity of mechano-chemically activated fly ash
(Elsevier, 2015) Patil, A.G.; Shanmugharaj, A.M.; Anandhan, S.
A class F fly ash was subjected to high-energy ball milling-induced mechano-chemical activation aided by a surfactant. The resultant nanostructured fly ash was characterized by various techniques. X-ray fluorescence results showed that the amount of iron oxide was reduced from 4.39% to 2.75% after pre-treatment of fly ash by magnetic separation. Ethyl acetate as the milling medium, a ball to powder ratio of 12:1 and 2wt% of surfactant reduced the average particle size of fly ash to 329nm and led to a specific surface area of 8.73m2/g. The decrease in crystallite size of mechano-chemically activated fly ash was confirmed from a reduction in peak intensity with a broadened amorphous phase by X-ray diffraction studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic characterization illustrated that peak area of major elements (O, Si and Al) increased after milling. Morphological and FTIR studies revealed that the smooth and inert surface of the fly ash was converted to a rough and more reactive one after mechano-chemical activation. The surface modification of fly ash with the surfactant was determined from FTIR spectroscopy. Also, a fractal approach was used to characterize the lacunarity of the agglomerates in the nanostructured fly ash. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Nanostructured Fly Ash as Reinforcement in a Plastomer-Based Composite: A New Strategy in Value Addition to Thermal Power Station Fly Ash
(2016) Patil, A.G.; Mahendran, A.; Anandhan, S.
Class-F fly ash (FA) from a coal-fired thermal power station was subjected to high energy ball milling-induced mechanochemical activation aided by a surfactant. Subsequently, ethylene-octene copolymer/mechanochemically activated FA (EOC/MCA-FA) composites were prepared by solution casting. The surface modification of FA was confirmed from contact angle measurements and FTIR spectroscopy, which accounts for a good interaction between MCA-FA and the polymer matrix. X-ray diffraction reveals that the crystallite size of quartz phase present in FA got reduced, while the relative lattice strain on it increased during milling. Morphological studies revealed that interfacial adhesion between the polymer and MCA-FA is good and this accounts for the improvement in mechanical properties of the composites even at the minimum filler loading. Flame retardance of the matrix polymer is improved by the addition of either fresh FA or MCA-FA. The results imply that FA is a valuable reinforcing filler for ethylene-octene copolymer and its mechanochemical activation is an effective strategy for its future use. 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Nanostructured Fly Ash as Reinforcement in a Plastomer-Based Composite: A New Strategy in Value Addition to Thermal Power Station Fly Ash
(Springer Netherlands, 2016) Patil, A.G.; Mahendran, A.; Anandhan, S.
Class-F fly ash (FA) from a coal-fired thermal power station was subjected to high energy ball milling-induced mechanochemical activation aided by a surfactant. Subsequently, ethylene-octene copolymer/mechanochemically activated FA (EOC/MCA-FA) composites were prepared by solution casting. The surface modification of FA was confirmed from contact angle measurements and FTIR spectroscopy, which accounts for a good interaction between MCA-FA and the polymer matrix. X-ray diffraction reveals that the crystallite size of quartz phase present in FA got reduced, while the relative lattice strain on it increased during milling. Morphological studies revealed that interfacial adhesion between the polymer and MCA-FA is good and this accounts for the improvement in mechanical properties of the composites even at the minimum filler loading. Flame retardance of the matrix polymer is improved by the addition of either fresh FA or MCA-FA. The results imply that FA is a valuable reinforcing filler for ethylene-octene copolymer and its mechanochemical activation is an effective strategy for its future use. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.