Browsing by Author "Nasar, T."
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Item A Study on Morphodynamic Nature of Muthalapozhi Fishery Harbour in Kerala Using Geospatial Approach(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Paravath, K.; John, A.; Nasar, T.It is crucial to monitor the dynamics of any fragile coastal stretch on a regular basis. Shorelines on both sides of Muthalapozhi tidal inlet, which is located along Kerala coast in India, were modified after the construction of breakwaters for a fishing harbour. The fishing harbour work was initiated in 2002. Severe erosion at the immediate North of the breakwater and choking of harbour mouth due to spit formation was observed. The construction of modified breakwaters began in 2013, after resolving the deficiencies in the first phase. Coastal morphology needs to be further analysed to check the adequacy of the breakwaters. An attempt to study the dynamicity of coastal morphology of Muthalapozhi Harbour using geospatial approach is reported in this paper. In response to the breakwater construction, End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) are calculated using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) in ArcGIS software. The results indicate that high accretion with a maximum rate of 209 m/year in the year 2019 is observed on the immediate southern side of the south breakwater. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item A study on shore-line dynamics during and post-construction of breakwaters in kasaragod fishing harbour(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Chaitanya, V.K.; Nasar, T.; Paravath, K.Coast belonging to one particular stretch happens to be versatile because of its dynamicity. This dynamicity is accounted because of both natural and man-made activities. Hence, it is necessary to monitor any fragile coastal stretch’s dynamicity in a temporal basis. In this study, an attempt is made to study the dynamicity of coastal morphology using geospatial and numerical approach. Shore-line on both sides of Kasaragod River firth, laterally Karnataka coast of the India, has modified following construction of breakwaters for fishing harbour. The breakwaters were constructed between 2010 and 2015 after which a severe change is observed in shore-line. Construction flaws were reported as a result of which strong waves were formed leading to the difficulty in launching boats into the sea. Coastal morphology needs to be further analysed to propose a more scientific and lasting solution. Shore-line is extracted from field surveyed data (supplied by Department of Harbour Engineering, Kerala). To ensure the forecast end point rate (EPR) and linear regression rate (LRR) for shore-line data, digital shore-line analysis (DSAS) technique was applied and compiled for up to 2017 in response to the construction of a pair of breakwaters at river inlet. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021.Item Coupled BEM and FEM for the analysis of floating elastic plate with arbitrary shapes(Taylor and Francis Ltd. michael.wagreich@univie.ac.at, 2019) Shirkol, A.I.; Nasar, T.In order to analyse the hydroelastic behaviour of the floating thin elastic plate, a numerical model has been developed by coupling higher-order boundary element method (BEM) and finite element method (FEM). The present model is capable of investigating the very large floating structure of arbitrary shapes at finite and infinite water depths. The developed hybrid model contains the same nodes maintaining the same order and basis function in both the methods. The novelty of this work can be seen in the newly developed modified Green’s function. Two geometrical configurations (triangle and trapezoidal) have been analysed. The time required for convergence and deflection of the geometrical model have been captured. Furthermore, the results obtained by Wang and Meylan [2004. A higher-order-coupled boundary element and finite element method for the wave forcing of a floating elastic plate. J Fluids Struct. 19(4):557–572] are used to validate the developed numerical model. It is concluded that the model works better in finite water depth for trapezoidal shape. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Item Coupled boundary element method (BEM) and finite element method (FEM) for hydroelastic analysis of floating plate(Springer, 2019) Shirkol, A.I.; Nasar, T.In the present study, a numerical model is developed to analyse equation of motion of the plate which is elastic in nature and has a shallow draft L/d ≤ 1/20 (small thickness). The platform may be of any shape (geometry) subjected to monochromatic waves. The developed numerical model is capable of investigating the VFLS of any geometry (arbitrary shape) at finite (0.05 ≤ h/λ ≤ 0.5) depth. A hybrid numerical model is developed and used to solve fluid–structure interaction between the elastic thin plate and water wave. A Higher Order Boundary Element Method (HOBEM) has been adopted in order to maintain the same order, basis function and contains the same nodes between BEM and FEM. Two equations have been determined to build the connection between plate displacement and velocity potential. Displacement of the floating platform has been obtained by solving the plate equation of motion. To solve the plate equation of motion, FEM has been adopted. The equation which relates the plate displacement and water is solved by Boundary Integral Equation (BIE). A modified Green’s function which differs from the bygone Green’s function has been developed by using the Bessel, Hankel and Struve functions of order zero. Both the equations are solved simultaneously to get the displacement of floating elastic plate and velocity potential. The results obtained are validated with Wang (J. Fluids Struct. 19:557–572, 2004 [22]). © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.Item Coupled boundary element method and finite element method for hydroelastic analysis of floating plate(Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2018) Shirkol, A.I.; Nasar, T.In this study, a numerical procedure has been proposed to analyze the equation of motion of the elastic plate which is elastic in nature and having shallow draft (small thickness) with arbitrary geometry subjected to linear wave force at a fixed frequency. Investigation on the convergence of maximum deflection of the floating plate has been carried out. A hybrid model has been developed (coupling between FEM and BEM) which contains same nodes, maintaining the same order and basis function in both the methods. To develop the relationship between the displacement of the plate and the velocity potential under the plate, two equations have been derived. The first equation is derived from the equation of motion for the plate and is solved by finite element method (FEM) to extract the displacement of the floating structure. The second equation is from water wave theory which is based on boundary integral equation that relates the displacement of the floating plate and velocity potential using free-surface Green's function. To get the displacement of floating elastic plate and velocity potential both the equations are solved simultaneously. Results are presented for modified Green's function which has been derived and validated with the results of Meylan (2004). The performance of the developed model is examined by the convergence rate, simulation time. It is learnt that the model works well in finite depth whereas its performance in infinite depth lags by an average of 20% in simulation time than the results obtained by Meylan (2004). © 2017 Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityItem Drag coefficient for porous screen in a non-oscillating perpendicular to plane-in flow(American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 2021) Bhandiwad, M.S.; Nasar, T.The flow-through porous bodies/structure is one of the more advanced research in the area of energy dissipation in coastal and civil engineering fields. The experiments on the determination of drag coefficient of screens with varying porosities and for the range of flow velocities lead to explore damping ratio in a typical fluid-structure interaction problem. An experimental study has been carried out to assess the drag coefficient of the porous screens as suggested by Keulegan, G. H (1968) [3]. Six different screens with porosities of 4.4%, 6.8%, 9.2% 15%, 20% and 25% are considered. In the experiments, water with a known head from one tank is allowed to flow through a pipe equipped with porous screens into the other tank. Based on the experimental observation, the correlation between Reynolds number and drag coefficient is obtained for all porous screens. The effect of damping nature (damping ratio) of the screen for a particular range of Reynolds number has been explored. As the Reynolds number increases, the drag coefficient decreases with increasing the porosity of the screen. Further, it is understood that the value of the damping ratio decreases with an increasing relative head (H/L). © © 2021 by ASMEItem Effect of porous baffle on sloshing pressure distribution in a barge mounted container subjected to regular wave excitation(Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering mmkarim@name.buet.ac.bd, 2020) Nasar, T.; Sannasiraj, S.A.; Sundar, V.An experimental study has been carried out to assess the sloshing pressure expected on the side walls of the tank and on top panel. A liquid fill level with an aspect ratio (hs /l, where hs is the static liquid depth and l is the tank length) of 0.488 is considered which corresponds to 75% liquid fill level. In view of suppressing sloshing oscillation and consequent sloshing pressure, the baffle wall configurations such as porous wall at l/2 and porous walls at l/3 and 2l/3 were adopted. Three porosities of 15%, 20.2%, and 25.2% were considered. The sloshing tank is fitted into the freely floating barge of model scale 1:43. The barge is kept inside the wave flume in the beam sea conditions. The effects of wave excitation frequencies and on the sloshing pressure variation have been studied in detail. For comparison purpose, solid wall placed at l/2 (Nasar and Sannasiraj, 2018) is also considered and, the salient results are herein reported. © Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. All rights reserved.Item Effectiveness of porous baffle on resonance sloshing motion: An experimental study(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023) Sahaj, K.V.; Nasar, T.Liquid movement in tanks that is partially filled can cause large structural loads if the tank movement is near the natural period of fluid within the tank. Sloshing implies the movement of a free liquid surface inside a vessel. A shake-Table experiment for various depths of water of aspect ratio 0.163, 0.325, and 0.488 are investigated to examine the effect of sloshing. The frequencies of excitation range from 0.4566 Hz to 1.9757 Hz which covers up to the fifth mode sloshing frequency and a constant amplitude of 7.5mm is adopted. A single porous at l/2 location is considered to check its effectiveness in comparison with the unbaffled condition. Three different porosities of 15%, 20%, and 25 % are adopted. Capacitance wave probes are used to record the free surface elevation at the end walls. The results of maximum free surface elevation (ηmax) and spectral moments (mo) are present here. The suppression of resonant sloshing motion by porous baffle is analyzed. A higher sloshing oscillation is observed for the aspect ratio (hs/l) of 0.325 than compared with the other two fill levels. © 2023 Author(s).Item Experimental investigation on effect of submerged solid baffle in a barge carrying liquid sloshing tank(Springer, 2019) Nasar, T.; Sannasiraj, S.A.An experimental programme is conducted to investigate, barge responses, sloshing dynamics and sloshing pressure in a partially liquid-filled baffled tank which is equipped in a floating barge. The barge was subjected to regular wave excitations with wave height of 0.1m and frequencies ranging from 0.45 to 1.54Hz under beam sea condition. An aspect ratio (hs/l, liquid depth, hs to length of tank l) of 0.488 corresponds to 75% fill level is considered. In addition, a solid baffle wall at l/2 (height of solid baffle wall as h/2, h = tank height) is considered which is a typical arrangement in LNG sloshing tank. The effectiveness of solid baffle is investigated in comparison with unbaffled conditions. The barge responses at liquid-filled condition and equivalent dry weight conditions are compared. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.Item Experimental Study on Liquid Sloshing Dynamics in a Sway Excited Rectangular Tank(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Sahaj, K.V.; Shri, S.; Nasar, T.An experimental shake table program is performed to explore the hydrodynamic behavior of liquid sloshing phenomena in a partially filled rectangular tank of 1:43 scaled tank subjected to sway excitation. Three different aspect ratios (hs/l, liquid depth, hs to the length of the tank, l) of 0.163, 0.325 and 0.488 which corresponds to 25%, 50% and 75% fill depths are considered. Excitation parameters such as frequencies ranging from 0.45 to 3.2 Hz which encompasses up to fifth mode of sloshing frequency and amplitudes of 4 and 8 mm are considered. An experimental setup is designed and devised to measure the sloshing force by using ballast mass concept. The experimental parameters such as run-up of sloshing oscillation, sloshing force and spectral energy are discussed. Experimental results of sloshing oscillation are compared with the numerical works of Nasar et al. (J Nav Archit Mar Eng 9:43–65, 2012). The present study reveals that the effect of excitation on sloshing oscillation is more pronounced near first mode of resonance and insignificant at off-resonance conditions. The effect of excitation amplitude on the fill level is pronounced in the order of 50, 25 and 75% fill levels on sloshing oscillation, sloshing force and spectral energy. The sloshing force is found to be about 9.32, 26.03 and 26.43 N for the excitation parameters of forcing frequency (f) that equals to first mode sloshing frequency (f1) and amplitude of excitation A = 8 mm. The sloshing tank with 75% fill depth experiences more sloshing force on its containment than 25 and 50% fill depths. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.Item Experimental study on liquid sloshing with dual vertical porous baffles in a sway excited tank(Techno-Press, 2021) Sahaj, K.V.; Nasar, T.; Vijay, K.G.Sloshing behavior of liquid within containers represents one of the most fundamental fluid-structure interactions. Liquid in partially filled tanks tends to slosh when subjected to external disturbances. Sloshing is a vicious resonant fluid motion in a moving tank. To understand the effect of baffle positioned at L/3 and 2L/3 location, a shake table experiments was conducted for different fill volumes of aspect ratio 0.163, 0.325 and 0.488. For a fixed amplitude of 7.5 mm, the excitation frequencies are varied between 0.457 Hz to 1.976 Hz. Wave probes have been located at both tank ends to capture the surface elevation. The experimental parameters such as sloshing oscillation and energy dissipation are discussed here. Comparison is done for with baffles and without baffles conditions. For both conditions, the results showed that aspect ratio of 0.163 gives better surface elevation and energy dissipation than obtained for aspect ratio 0.325 and 0.488. Good agreement is observed when numerical analysis is compared with the experiments results. © 2021 Techno-Press, LtdItem Geospatial and Hydrogeochemical Insights for Monitoring Water Quality and Salinity in Coastal Regions of Southern Karnataka, India(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Suryawanshi, V.; Ramesh, H.; Nasar, T.Coastal areas face significant challenges due to the depletion of groundwater and seawater intrusion into freshwater aquifers. Additionally, insufficient monitoring of freshwater quality is a major concern for consumers. In Karnataka’s Dakshina Kannada district, groundwater is crucial for meeting the needs of the community, industry, and agriculture. This study investigates the impact of excessive use, human activities, and agricultural chemicals on groundwater quality, with a focus on the hydrogeochemistry of the Natravathi and Gurapura catchments. The study analyzed 32 groundwater samples collected seasonally from 2021 to 2022 for 18 physiochemical parameters. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was determined using factors such as pH, Dissolved Solids, Oxidatio Reduction Potentisl, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium, Chlorides, Potassium, and Sodium. WQI scores ranged from 0 to 52 post-monsoon and 0 to 42 pre-monsoon. An ArcGIS-based spatial distribution map was created to show temporal changes in groundwater quality. Post monsoon measurements showed significant cations ranging from 4.25 to 64.54 mg/l, calcium from 40 to 520 mg/l, chloride from 40 to 200 mg/l, and potassium from − 8.05 to 15.44 mg/l. Pre-monsoon measurements indicated sodium levels from 28 to 208 mg/l, calcium from 240 to 840 mg/l, chloride from 19.99 to 159.9 mg/l, and potassium from 0 to 61.79 mg/l. WQI results for the post-monsoon season showed 36% of sampling sites as excellent, 52% good, 8% poor, and 4% very poor, while pre-monsoon results indicated 13% excellent, 46% good, and 42% poor. The research reveals higher toxin concentrations in drinking water during pre monsoon period compared to post monsoon, with increased salinity in freshwater aquifers making the water unsuitable for consumption. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Item Groundwater Quality Evaluation In The Gurupura River Basin Using GIS and Remote Sensing Approach(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Suryawanshi, V.; Ramesh, H.; Nasar, T.The objective of this study was to assess the quality of groundwater resources in the Gurupura basin, located in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India, specifically for domestic and drinking purposes. To achieve this, various water quality analysis techniques were employed, such as the water quality index (Brown's 1970), spatial groundwater evaluation using GIS-based interpolation, and multivariate statistical analysis. Physiochemical parameters of groundwater samples were analyzed on-site both before and after the monsoon season of 2021. The findings of the study indicate that the groundwater quality deteriorates during the pre-monsoon period, primarily due to a decline in the groundwater table and the presence of salinity in coastal wells. However, in the post-monsoon period, the groundwater quality significantly improves and is deemed pure and suitable for both drinking and domestic purposes. © 2023 IEEE.Item Hydroelastic Analysis of of Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS) using Boundary Element Approach(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2019) Shirkol, Anoop. I.; Nasar, T.Hydroelasticty is a subject of interest in marine science and technology involving the mutual interaction of water waves and elastic bodies. It is a branch which deals with the elastic deformation of bodies which is in contact with liquids. Interdisciplinary subjects like this require the knowledge of structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, concepts of water wave propagation and boundary conditions. In this thesis, a numerical procedure has been proposed to analyze the equation of motion of the elastic plate which is having a shallow draft, L/d ≤ 1/20 (small thickness) with arbitrary geometry subjected to monochromatic gravity waves.The numerical model is capable of investigating the Very Large Floating Structure (VFLS) at finite (0.05 ≤h/λ≤ 0.5) and infinite (h/λ≤ 0.5) water depths. Herein, VLFS is considered to behave as thin elastic plate due to its dimensions. VLFS of rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal geometries are considered and elastic motion or vertical deflections of these shapes have been studied. A hybrid numerical model which combines Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed and used to solve fluid structure interaction between the elastic thin plate and water wave. A Higher Order Boundary Element Method (HOBEM) has been adopted in order to maintain the same order basis function and contains the same nodes between BEM and FEM. Two equations have been derived to develop the relationship between the displacement of the plate and the velocity potential under the plate. The first equation is derived from the equation of motion for the plate and is solved by Finite Element Method (FEM) to extract the displacement of the floating structure. The second equation is from water wave theorywhich is based on Boundary Integral Equation (BIE) that relates the displacement of the floating plate and velocity potential using free-surface Green’s function. A modified Green’s function which differs from the bygone Green’s function has been developed by using Bessel’s, Hankel and Struve functions of order zero. Both the equations are solved simultaneously to get the displacement of floating elastic plate and velocity potential. The results obtained are validated with Wang and Meylan (2004). The performance of the developed model is examined by checking the convergence rate and simulation time.It is learnt that the model gives its better performance in finite depth, whereas, its performance in infiniteii depth lags by an average of 20% in simulation time than the results obtained by Wang and Meylan (2004).It is concluded that the model works better in finite water depth for rectangular and trapezoidal platesItem Impact of Estuarine Breakwaters on Adjacent Shorelines at Muthalapozhy Harbour in Kerala(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Paravath, K.; Nasar, T.A shoreline is a boundary between the land and the ocean, is prone to periodic changes on account of various dynamic factors such as wave characteristics, coastal orientation, currents, and bathymetry. As a result, shoreline location varies continuously with respect to time. Shoreline change is the direct consequence of coastal erosion and accretion, along with the effect of nearshore currents. Shorelines on both sides of Muthalapozhy tidal inlet, which is located along Kerala coast in India, was modified following the construction of breakwaters for developing a fishery harbour. The fishing harbour work was initiated in 2002. Severe erosion at the immediate north of the north breakwater and choking of harbour mouth due to spit formation was observed. The construction of modified breakwaters began in 2013, after resolving the deficiencies in the first phase. An attempt to study the shoreline oscillations at Muthalapozhy harbour using numerical approach is reported in this paper © 2022 IEEE.Item Integrated Ecological River Health Assessment of Netravathi Basin Based on Physiochemical and Hydrochemical Analysis(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Suryawanshi, V.; Ramesh, H.; Nasar, T.River health assessment is critical, and it is essential to monitor the river's quality and health condition. Because most rivers are drying up and becoming polluted as a result of a lack of assessment and regular maintenance, all major elements of a riverine system, such as aquatic flora and fauna, water quality, habitat, hydrology, the physical shape of the channel, and other geomorphological elements, should be considered and included in it. The objective of this research is to assess the health of the Netravathi River using physiochemical parameters. River Netravathi is the only freshwater resource in Mangalore's coastal metropolis. The river flows 103 km from its point of origin to Mangalore city, with catchment area of 3657 Km2. To assess river health, seven physical parameters were measured seasonally at the river site, and laboratory testing of river water samples for eight chemical parameters have been carried out. Rivers are essential to the life and survival of many plant and animal species. The discharge of sewage, industrial effluents, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste all of which impact the water quality carried by river flow. According to the findings, the health of the River Netravathi is considerably better in the post-monsoon season than in the pre-monsoon season, because the river becomes dry in most sections of the district and the flow of river water drops dramatically. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.Item Particle swarm optimized fuzzy control of structure with tuned liquid column damper(Research India Publications subscription@ripublication.com, 2016) Abubaker, S.; Nagan, S.; Nasar, T.Modern civil engineering structures are long and slender and they have less damping. Therefore they are subjected to large vibrations when earthquake or wind acts. These excitations may cause structural collapse of the structure. Therefore to control these vibrations supplementary control devices are used. Tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) is one of a passive control device to reduce the excitations. TLCD will transfer the energy from the structure to TLCD by the motion of water in a U-shape tube like devices fitted with an orifice opening. Due to this motion the excitations will reduced. Also a fuzzy controller is designed to control the output of the TLCD. In this paper, particle swarm optimized (PSO) fuzzy controller was introduced in to the TLCD-structure system. The PSO will optimize the IF-THEN rules of fuzzy controller. The optimized results are compared with structure without TLCD, and fuzzy controlled TLCD-structure system. From this paper, the vibrations can be effectively suppressed with the proposed fuzzy controller. © Research India Publications.Item Performance assessment of porous baffle on liquid sloshing dynamics in a barge carrying liquid tank(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Nasar, T.; Sannasiraj, S.A.; Sundar, V.A comprehensive experimental work is done to investigate sloshing dynamics in a partially liquid-filled baffled tank, equipped with a floating barge. An aspect ratio(hs /l, liquid depth, hs to length of tank, l) of 0.488 (above critical fill level), which corresponds to 75% fill level, is considered. The barge was subjected to regular wave excitations with a wave height of 0.1 m and frequencies ranging from 0.45Hz to 1.54Hz under beam sea condition. In addition, porous baffles are placed inside a rectangular tank to study its effectiveness in reducing the sloshing energy. Three different porosities of 15%, 20.2% and 25.2% at l/2 are considered. The effectiveness of baffles is explored and the salient results for a single porous baffle are discussed. It is learnt that the effect of baffles on sway and roll responses is significant, whereas it is insignificant on heave. Porous baffles are effective in suppressing the sloshing oscillation in the vicinity or at wave excitation, fw =f 1, whereas the sloshing is amplified at fw =f 2 and fw =f 3 due to the resonance condition of modified natural frequencies. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Item PID control of structure with tuned liquid column damper(2016) Abubaker, S.; Nagan, S.; Nasar, T.New civil engineering structures are long and slender and they have less damping. Therefore they are subjected to large vibrations when earthquake or wind acts. These excitations may cause structural collapse of the structure. Therefore to control these vibrations supplementary control devices are used. Tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) is one of a passive control device to reduce the excitations. TLCD will transfer the energy from the structure to TLCD by the motion of water in a U-shape tube like devices fitted with an orifice opening. Due to this motion the excitations will reduced. The aim of this paper is to study the effectiveness of PID control in TLCD system. The results are obtained with structure only, passive, PID controlled system. From this paper, the vibrations can be effectively suppressed with the PID controller. � 2016 IEEE.Item PID control of structure with tuned liquid column damper(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016) Abubaker, S.; Nagan, S.; Nasar, T.New civil engineering structures are long and slender and they have less damping. Therefore they are subjected to large vibrations when earthquake or wind acts. These excitations may cause structural collapse of the structure. Therefore to control these vibrations supplementary control devices are used. Tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) is one of a passive control device to reduce the excitations. TLCD will transfer the energy from the structure to TLCD by the motion of water in a U-shape tube like devices fitted with an orifice opening. Due to this motion the excitations will reduced. The aim of this paper is to study the effectiveness of PID control in TLCD system. The results are obtained with structure only, passive, PID controlled system. From this paper, the vibrations can be effectively suppressed with the PID controller. © 2016 IEEE.
