Browsing by Author "Devatha, C.P."

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Adsorption of ciprofloxacin antibiotic using chitosan graphene oxide hybrid beads
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Vamsi, E.B.; Reshma, M.; Devatha, C.P.
The presence of alarming concentrations of Ciprofloxacin (CPFN) antibiotic in surface waters, groundwater, drinking water and treated effluents is a ground-breaking environmental challenge due to its widespread antimicrobial resistance. Most wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) working on conventional methods are hosting downstream pollution. Hence it is essential to introduce an eco-friendly material that can be integrated with WWTPs to combat CPFN contamination. This research aims to synthesise Chitosan- Graphene oxide (CSN@GO) hybrid beads, which combines the advantage of CSN biocompatibility and GO adsorption capability. Characterization studies are carried out to confirm the formation of nanocomposite by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The key parameters, namely adsorbent dosage, pH, and contact time (CT), are systematically modelled and optimised utilising Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental and modelling outcomes revealed the effectiveness of CSN@GO in adsorbing CPFN, with a maximum removal of 67.6 % under optimal conditions (pH = 7 ± 0.2, CT = 114 min, and Dose = 0.5 g/L). The findings underscore the maximum removal obtained at neutral pH, using a low dose of adsorbent in short CT highlights the novelty of this research. Additionally, the versatile nature of CSN@GO makes it a highly reliable material for mitigating emerging contaminants. © 2024 The Authors
Assessment of soil moisture uptake under different salinity levels for paddy crop
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org, 2016) Devatha, C.P.; Shankar, V.; Ojha, C.S.P.
The core of salinity problems starts from the fact that irrigation waters contain some amount of dissolved salts. Soil moisture salinity is dependent on soil type, climate, water use, and irrigation. The root water-uptake pattern for paddies is studied for saline as well as nonsaline conditions in the present study using a nonlinear root water uptake model. Field crop experiments are carried out using irrigation water with two different levels of salinity (4 and 6.25 dS=m) and fresh water. The effect of salinity on soil moisture uptake is studied by two approaches, i.e., effect on crop coefficient and effect on hydraulic conductivity. Based upon the experimental observations for lowsaline (4 dS=m), high-saline (6.25 dS=m), and freshwater conditions, an exponential form of an equation is established for the hydraulic conductivity. The results obtained for soil moisture depletion in the crop root zone show significant improvement in prediction of soil moisture uptake for saline cases with the use of the obtained nonlinearity parameter. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Biomedical Ash as a Soil Stabilizer: Immobilizing Toxic Metals Through Biomineralization
(Springer, 2025) Kothuri, M.; Devatha, C.P.
Biomedical ash is the residual matter from biomedical waste incinerators. Despite its superior characteristics as a construction material, biomedical ash is usually averted as an additive due to the mobility of toxic heavy metals. Arresting heavy metal mobility has gained the interest of scientific communities due to the ever-increasing waste and continuous demand for construction materials. This research investigated the application of modified ash by calcium carbonate biomineralization as a soil stabilizing agent in highly plastic clays. Initially, the nutrient medium for the indigenous Bacillus cereus bacteria was optimized for maximum urease activity. The ability of biomineralization to arrest mercury, chromium, zinc, lead, iron, copper, cadmium, barium, arsenic, titanium, and selenium in biomedical ash by calcium carbonate biomineralization was determined through a leaching test. The characteristics of modified ash were determined by FESEM, XRD, FTIR, and TG analyses. Adding modified ash correlates with the increasing soil strength, suggesting the suitability of calcium carbonate biomineralization in immobilizing toxic heavy metals and simultaneously enhancing soil strength. © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2025.
Co-digestion of Food Waste and Switchgrass for Biogas Potential: Effects of Process Parameters
(Springer editorial@springerplus.com, 2020) Uma, S.; Thalla, A.K.; Devatha, C.P.
Abstract: Anaerobic digestion is the technology aimed at organic substrates conversion to biomethane potential. The co-digestibility performance of food waste and switchgrass at different mix ratio and the temperature is evaluated in the present study. To address this performance evaluation, the response of volatile acid groups’ viz. acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids, pH related to the biomethane potential. The highest methane yield observed with 1:1 FW: SG is 267 ml/g VSadded at mesophilic and 234 ml/g VSadded at thermophilic condition respectively. Methane yield has a positive response on co-digestion is confirmed by digestion performance index (DPI). Also, process parameters viz acetic and butyric acid concentrations were in the range 15–70% and 18–70% for the loadings at 35 °C and 55 °C respectively. SG showed the highest butyric acid concentration, and in contrast, the utmost acetic acid produced from both FW and SG respectively. Even though at higher acid concentrations, less significant inhibition on biomethane yields is observed during performance evaluation. Result revealed that co-digestion at 1:1 ratio yields the improved performance with FW and SG at mesophilic as well as in thermophilic condition. Food waste is predominant and achieves the second highest methane yield compared to switchgrass in single substrate digestion. This study confirms the presence of slow and fast biodegradable organic matters have an equal contribution to the biomethane yield. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2018, Springer Nature B.V.
Degradation of Triclosan from Domestic Wastewater by Biosurfactant Produced from Bacillus licheniformis
(Humana Press Inc. humana@humanapr.com, 2019) Jayalatha, N.A.; Devatha, C.P.
The use of triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent in consumer product, results in adverse effects on the environment due to its wide usage all over the world. The present study focused on TCS detection and attempted for degradation by biosurfactant produced by Bacillus licheniformis from domestic wastewater in Surathkal region, Karnataka, India. The experimental investigation includes biosurfactant production using crude sunflower oil and detection and degradation of TCS from wastewater by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results exhibited that maximum biosurfactant yield (7.8 g/L) was achieved using 1 g/L of glycerol as carbon and 5.5 g/L of ammonium bicarbonate as a nitrogen source. Detection of TCS from domestic wastewater (0.36 mg/L) and degradation was carried out by HPLC. The result discloses that 47.2% and 100% removal of TCS was achieved in 2 h and 16 h for 1:1(v/v) ratio of wastewater and biosurfactant. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Development in groundwater treatment - Indian perspective
(IWA Publishing, 2016) Thalla, A.K.; Devatha, C.P.
[No abstract available]
Dewatering performance of sludge using coconut shell biochar modified with ferric chloride (Sludge dewatering using bio-waste)
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Rashmi, H.R.; Devatha, C.P.
Coconut shell is a bio-waste, and its availability is high to waste in the coastal region of Karnataka, India. The present study focused on using coconut shell biochar modified with ferric chloride to enhance the sludge dewaterability, and it is evaluated experimentally (Capillary suction time, moisture content, settleability, zeta potential, heavy metals, and phosphate). Further, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction characterization were carried out to identify the structure's change. A significant reduction in capillary suction time (56 s) and the moisture content (96.5%) of the dewatered sludge cake was obtained. Sludge dewatering using coconut shell biochar modified with ferric chloride was optimized by a Box Behnken method with three main factors including dosage, rapid mixing time, and slow mixing time. Optimum capillary suction time (55.6 s) was achieved at coconut shell biochar modified with ferric chloride dosage (41% dry solids), rapid mixing time (10 min), and slow mixing time (19 min). The significant structural change in sludge particles was confirmed through characterization studies. During the dewatering process, the removal of heavy metal (cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel) and phosphate (50.6%) was evident. Hence attempt of coconut shell biochar modified with ferric chloride as a skeleton material is an economical and promising option for sludge dewatering. © 2021, Islamic Azad University (IAU).
Effect of Bioprecipitation and Ferrochrome Ash Stabilization on the Strength of Black Cotton Soil
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Kothuri, M.; Devatha, C.P.
This study aims to stabilize black cotton soil in an environmentally friendly manner by integrating chemical stabilization and bioprecipitation. To improve the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), the soil was partially replaced by ferrochrome ash (FCA) and blended with urease positive bacteria, urea, and calcium chloride. Characterization studies examined microstructural changes. Leachate analysis determined whether this method is environmentally safe. Consequently, experiments were conducted using a central composite design and the UCS was modeled using response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the influence of each additive. Liquid extracts of stabilized soil were analyzed for concentrations of chromium, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium, copper, titanium, mercury, and arsenic. An improvement in the UCS from 35 kPa to 350 kPa was noticed when 40% of the soil was replaced with FCA and mixed with a bacterial solution of optical density 1.12, containing 0.5 g calcium chloride and 0.5 g urea. FCA content, the optical density of the bacteria, and the urea concentration were the factors affecting the UCS significantly. Lead, cadmium, titanium, mercury, and arsenic were not detected in water-based extracts of stabilized soil due to the immobilization effect of calcite. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses supported the formation of calcite due to bioprecipitation. Based on the results, it is concluded that FCA and bioprecipitation complement each other to overcome their limitations and successfully enhanced the strength of black cotton soil in an environmentally conscious manner. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Effect of Green synthesized iron nanoparticles by Azardirachta Indica in different proportions on antibacterial activity
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Devatha, C.P.; Jagadeesh, K.; Patil, M.
Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles has accumulated an ultimate interest over the last few years to their distinctive properties, applicable in various fields of science and technology. In the present study, synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Azadirachta Indica leaf extract is performed. Different proportions of precursor (ferrous sulphate) to leaf extract were prepared by varying the volume quantity of leaf extract from 1:1 to 1:5. Their morphology, structure and size distribution is confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope along with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis. Presence of accountable polyphenols such as total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteau(FC) method (20 mg per gram of leaf extract) and gallic acid(0.280 mg/g), caffeic acid(0.278 mg/g) & catechin(0.532 mg/g) for synthesis conciliation and were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Its performance is evaluated on treatment of petrochemical refinery waste water to assess Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) and nitrate removal for different proportions. The performance of COD removal (77%) and nitrate removal(74%) for 1:5 on 5th day is observed to be efficient. To further study this effect, size of FeNPs formed and concentration of polyphenols were taken into consideration. Antibacterial activity of synthesized iron nanoparticles from AI leaf extract on bacteria (Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus Aureus) is accomplished by well diffusion method. Size of FeNPs achieved for 1:2 ratio was 98–200 nm and for all proportions varying between 120 and 600 nm due to agglomeration enhanced bacterial decay. It was portrayed that there was an increase in the inhibition zone as the proportions increased from 1:2 to 1:5. Hence for the contact time of 48 h, 1:5 found to be effective in inhibiting more number of bacterial cells compared to other proportions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
Effect of hydraulic conductivity on soil moisture uptake under saline conditions for wheat crop
(2013) Devatha, C.P.; Ojha, C.S.P.; Hari Prasad, K.S.; Thalla, A.K.
Salinity in soil can decrease plant available water and cause plant stress. The pattern of root water uptake for wheat was studied for saline as well as non-saline condition using non-linear root water uptake model. Experiments have been conducted using a salinity level of 4 dS/m and freshwater condition. The effect of salinity on soil moisture has been studied by varying the crop coefficient as well as hydraulic conductivity. The correction factor to the crop coefficient approach is found to be unsuccessful. However, the correction factor to the hydraulic conductivity for a non-saline condition improves the simulation of soil moisture uptake in case of saline soils. The exponential form of the equation is established for the hydraulic conductivity to soil moisture relationship under salinity level and freshwater sample. The present work also substantiates that the non-linearity parameter of root water uptake model (O-R model) is successful in simulation of soil moisture depletion in the crop root zone and does not vary more than 10% in case of saline soils. © 2013 Indian Society for Hydraulics.
Enhancing the Dewatering Ability of Sludge by Locally Available Biomass
(Springer Nature, 2023) Chopade, G.; Devatha, C.P.
In this study, the effect of modified coconut shell biochar is analyzed for its efficacy achievable in sludge dewatering properties. Initially the coconut shell biochar is modified at different molar concentrations of FeCl3, i.e., 1, 2, and up to 5 mol/L, and it is analyzed with different dosages at 0.1, 0.2, and up to 0.4 (g/g of dry solids (DS)) for the improvement in capillary suction time (CST) (s), moisture content reduction (%), filterability (min), and settleability (SV30%) of the sludge. It is found that there is significant decrease in each of these parameters. The optimization study is carried out to optimize the process of sludge conditioning, considering independent regression parameters as dosage (g/g of DS), molarity (M), mixing time (min), and response taken as moisture content (%), the optimum values for the dosage, molarity, mixing time is found to be 0.4 (g/g of DS), 2.5 M and 24.72 min, respectively, with optimized moisture content value of 78% was achieved. Hence, the modified coconut shell biochar can be used as a potential candidate to increase the dewatering ability of the sludge. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
Entrapment of Nickel in Ferrochrome Ash by Native Lysinibacilus sp Bacteria
(Avestia Publishing, 2023) Kothuri, M.; Devatha, C.P.
Nickel contamination in water is a significant environmental concern and causes several health effects such as allergies, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers in human beings. Ferrochrome ash is a fine dust generated as the waste from steel industry and pollutes the flow-through water by leaching nickel present in it. By providing a pre-disposal treatment of microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to ferrochrome ash, the nickel leaching can be substantially reduced. Bacteria secrete the urease enzyme that decides the rate of urea hydrolysis reaction and they are the nucleation sites for the precipitation of calcium carbonate in calcium rich environment. During MICP, calcium carbonate entraps the nickel present in the ash. As a result, the nickel cannot escape the ash matrix and hence do not pollute the contacting water. This was confirmed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis (AAS) on leachates from treated and untreated ash. The analysis resulted in less nickel content from treated ash with highest treatment efficiency of 98% at LS 100. Results from SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TG implied that calcium carbonate developed in the ash due to MICP. Â© 2023, Avestia Publishing. All rights reserved.
Estimating extreme flood magnitudes in the Upper Krishna River Basin using multiple probabilistic methods
(Springer, 2025) Choudhary, P.; Azhoni, A.; Devatha, C.P.
Floods are natural phenomena with significant societal and environmental impacts. Understanding the frequency and magnitude of floods is crucial for effective water resource management, infrastructure planning, and risk mitigation. The Upper Krishna River Basin (UKRB) is prone to flooding, with major flood events occurring in the last three decades. This study was conducted in a UKRB sub-basin to analyze flood frequency. The log-normal, Gumbel Max, and Log Pearson Type III (LP3) probability distributions were used to predict future peak discharge scenarios using annual peak discharge data of 50 years (1970–2019) at Warunji, Samdoli, Arjunwad, Kurundwad, and Sadalga gauging stations. The probability distribution functions were used for estimating discharge values for return periods (Tr) of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 25 years, 50 years, 100 years, and 200 years. The results show that the estimated discharge for return periods greater than 5 years exceeds the mean annual peak discharge (1758.94 m3/s, 1494.99 m3/s, 3674.38 m3/s, 4741.32 m3/s, and 1204.25 m3/s), and discharge greater than the 25 years return period is likely to cross the river’s carrying capacity for all five sites. This study also shows that all three probability distribution methods employed can project the river discharge satisfactorily, but the log-normal was found best fitted for Warunji and Samdoli with maximum estimated discharge of 6840 m3/s and 3481 m3/s, whereas LP3 was best fitted for Kurundwad and Sadalga sites with maximum estimated discharge of 11,973 m3/s and 3430 m3/s, while for Arjunwad, Gumbel Max was found to be the better-suited probability distribution with maximum estimated discharge of 11,128 m3/s, as indicated by the goodness-of-fit test using Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S), Anderson–Darling (A-D), and chi-square tests. The predicted peak discharge also shows a good correlation (R2 = 0.98) with the actual discharge data computed with the Weibull method. Hence, the results of the study can be used for future infrastructure planning in the study area to avoid damage due to flash floods. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Experimental investigation for treating ibuprofen and triclosan by biosurfactant from domestic wastewater
(Academic Press, 2023) Jayalatha, N.A.; Devatha, C.P.
The presence of emerging pollutants of pharmaceutical products and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment overspreads the threat on living beings. Bioremediation is a promising option for treating wastewater. In the present study, an experimental investigation was carried out to produce a biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) for the removal of Ibuprofen (IBU) and Triclosan (TCS) from domestic wastewater. It was performed in three stages. Firstly, the production and optimization of biosurfactant was carried out to arrive at the best combination of crude sunflower oil, sucrose and ammonium bicarbonate (10%: 5.5 g/L: 1 g/L) to yield effective biosurfactant production (crude biosurfactant) and further extended to achieve critical micelle concentration (CMC) formation by dilution (biosurfactant at 10.5%). The stability of the biosurfactant was also confirmed. Biosurfactant showed a reduction in the surface tension to 41 mN/m with a yield concentration of 11.2 g/L. Secondly, its effectiveness was evaluated for the removal of IBU and TCS from the domestic wastewater collected during the dry and rainy seasons. Complete removal of IBU was achieved at 36 h & 6 h and TCS at 6 h & 1 h by crude biosurfactant and biosurfactant at CMC formation for the dry season sample. IBU removal was achieved in 2 h by both crude and biosurfactant at CMC and no TCS was detected in the rainy season sample. Thirdly, biotransformation intermediates of IBU and TCS formed during the application of the biosurfactant and degradation pathways are proposed based on the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and it indicates that there is no formation of toxic by-products. Based on the results, it is evident that biosurfactant at CMC has performed better for the removal of IBU and TCS than crude biosurfactants without any formation of toxic intermediates. Hence, this study proved to be an eco-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable treatment option for domestic wastewater treatment. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Experimental investigation on sludge conditioning and dewatering using an agricultural biomass coupled with resource recovery
(Academic Press, 2024) Chopade, G.; Devatha, C.P.
In this study, the effect of modified areca husk fibre biochar (MAFB-AlCl3) on dairy sludge conditioning and dewatering along with raw and modified coconut shell biochar (MCSB-FeCl3) was investigated. Further, MgO impregnated biochars of areca husk fibre and coconut shells was carried out to evaluate the performance on phosphate recovery from the diary sludge. The enhancement in sludge dewatering with MAFB-AlCl3 were evaluated experimentally and significant reduction of capillary suction time (CST) (51.6 %), moisture content (18%), zeta potential (1.3 mV) and increased settleability (32.7%) were observed. The sludge conditioning parameters namely dosage (% of dry solids (DS)), rapid mixing time (RMT), slow mixing time (SMT) were optimized by response surface methodology for the modified biochars. Optimum CST (31.51 s) was obtained at dosage (50 % of DS), RMT (9.89 min) and SMT (17.23 min). Results of batch study for phosphate recovery by MgO impregnated biochars (MgB) was found to be 96.6 % and 100 % by MgB of areca husk fibre (MgAFB) and coconut shells (MgCSB) respectively. The morphological characteristics and elemental distribution using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) & energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveals the structural change in the sludge particles for the modified biochars as well as for sludge. Hence MAFB-AlCl3, MgAFB and MgCSB is proved to be suitable and an effective candidate for sludge conditioning and dewatering coupled with phosphate recovery in handling the diary sludge. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
Experimental investigation on sludge dewatering using granulated blast furnace slag as skeleton material
(Springer, 2020) Rashmi, R.H.; Devatha, C.P.
The highly compressible nature of sludge and the presence of colloidal particles cause difficulties in sludge dewatering. Reducing the moisture content in secondary sludge is a key factor in reducing the capital costs, operational costs, and transportation costs in wastewater management. This investigation concerned the combined utilization of quicklime and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) to improve sludge dewatering. The experimental work included the initial characterization of the sludge and granulated blast furnace slag and evaluation of the dewatering ability of the treated sludge (CST, moisture content, turbidity, zeta potential, and heavy metal and biopolymer contents). Optimization using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was carried out with various operational parameters, and the best performance was found to be at a pH of 10.2, a dose of 0.34 g/g DS, and a contact time of 14 min. A characterization study was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with EDS, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the structural features (dense), elemental composition, and the presence of different functional groups. Hence, this study concluded that the use of quicklime with granulated blast furnace slag is suitable for conditioning during sludge dewatering. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Geo-Morphological Assessment in the Upper Reaches of Krishna River (India) Using Multi-temporal Satellite Data During 1991â€“2021
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Choudhary, P.; Azhoni, A.; Devatha, C.P.
Rivers have historically served as the birthplace of human civilization. The study of channel planform and geo-morphological characteristics is of utmost importance in investigating the effects of climate change and alterations in land use on the overall well-being of rivers. This study examines the temporal variations in the geo-morphologicalÂ characteristics of the upper reaches of Krishna River during three decades (1991â€“2021). Spatial data is obtained from several satellite missions and afterward processed using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess alterations in the active river channel's extent, erosion, and accretion areas and the sinuosity index. The river channel has been segmented into seven sub-reaches, and it has been observed that some sections of the bank line require prompt attention from the relevant authorities to carry out bank protection measures. The findings indicate that the left bank exhibits a greater tendency towards erosion and shifting compared to the right bank. Additionally, the river has undergone geo-morphological alterations due to the construction of hydraulic structures and the occurrence of numerous flood events within the basin. The sinuosity index of the river provides evidence of its meandering nature. This study offers valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of the Upper Krishna River, hence providing useful information for authorities and decision-makers involved in river training initiatives and future development projects. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using different leaf extracts for treatment of domestic waste water
(Elsevier Ltd, 2016) Devatha, C.P.; Thalla, A.K.; Katte, S.Y.
Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles being cost effective and ecofriendly treatment technique, is gaining importance nowadays. The aim of the present study is to prepare leaf extracts, precursor, and synthesis of iron nanoparticles and to evaluate its efficacy in treating domestic waste water. Synthesis of iron nanoparticles is done using various leaf extracts viz. Mangifera indica, Murraya Koenigii, Azadiracta indica, Magnolia champaca, and to check its potential for treating domestic waste water. Characterization of the synthesized iron nanoparticles is done by UV–Visible spectrophotometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The characterization results confirm the formation and presence of iron nanoparticles and biomolecules which could help in capping the nanoparticles. The effect of iron nanoparticles thus obtained is evaluated for simultaneous removal of total phosphates, ammonia nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand. Among the different plant mediated synthesized iron nanoparticles, Azadiracta indica showed 98.08% of phosphate, 84.32% of ammonia nitrogen and 82.35% of chemical oxygen demand removal. Overall performance of Azadiracta indica synthesized iron nanoparticles showed satisfactory results compared to other leaf extracts for treating domestic waste water. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Green synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and its application on degradation of triclosan
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Vamsi, E.B.; Devatha, C.P.
The widespread use of triclosan (TCS) across the globe poses a substantial threat to both human well-being and the ecosystem. This necessitates the development of eco-friendly adsorption techniques to address triclosan contamination in wastewater. This research aims to develop novel eco-friendly synthesis method using Syzygium jambos (SJ) leaf extract to produce small-sized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) by varying surfactant to silica ratio. Different ratios such as 1:50, 1:100, and 1:200 (1 mL of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is equivalent to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in mg) were explored without chemical stabilising agents or alcohol diluents. The synthesized materials were named as MSN1, MSN2, and MSN3. Characterisation studies using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that MSN3 exhibited smallest size of 30 ± 5nm. The physical, chemical and morphological properties were analysed for the materials using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Zeta potential (ZP), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Notably, the developed nanomaterial demonstrated noteworthy stability with a ZP of ?33.1 mV and an impressive surface area of 545 m2/g. FT-IR peaks of biosorbent were obtained at 460, 800, and 975 1/cm. This confirms the existence of (Si–O–Si) bonds. The XRD results reveals that it possess amorphous nature of silica without any impurities. N2 adsorption-desorption studies yielded a pore radius of 16.8 Å and volume of pores are 0.890 cc/g indicating its potential as an adsorbent and its utility for material functionalisation. The developed biosorbent exhibited enhanced adsorption properties for removal of triclosan from synthetic wastewater with 76 % removal at 0.5g/L dose of adsorbent. © 2024 The Authors
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
(Elsevier, 2018) Devatha, C.P.; Thalla, A.K.
The nanotechnology industry is increasingly promoting nano as a “green” technology that will improve the environmental performance of existing industries, reduce consumption of resources and energy, and allow achievement of environmentally benign economic expansion. Eco-friendly solutions are gaining popularity in the contemporary world. A green method for nanoparticle synthesis should be assessed considering three aspects: the solvent, the capping agent, and the reducing agent compared to physical and chemical methods. Particularly, the plant extracts mediated process is a good and advantageous method for the development of metal nanoparticles compared to using microorganisms, in which the cell maintenance time is limited. Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles are important steps to be adopted to apply nanoparticles in field applications, and these steps include preparation of leaf extract, Phytochemical screening, and preparation of precursor. Various factors affecting the synthesis of nanoparticles, such as pH, temperature, and time, will be discussed. The degradation of any organic compounds by the green approach (plant extracts) is mainly due to the presence of polyphenols in the biodegradable material. Although the synthesis of nanoparticles has been trending higher, their application in the area of waste water treatment has been limited until recently. Hence, the application of nanoparticles to waste water treatment will be discussed with a view toward paving the way for an alternate source of water. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.