Browsing by Author "Chaudhary, B."

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A Study on Aquaculture Waste Leachate Transport Through Soil
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Thotakura, T.V.; Sunil, B.M.; Chaudhary, B.
Aquaculture waste is one of the emerging wastes due to rapid expansion and intensification of aquaculture practices and less attention has been paid for environmental concern as compared with municipal waste. Moreover, in the delta region of Andhra Pradesh, nearly one-third of the land cover is occupied by the aquaculture ponds. Major contaminants in aquaculture ponds are rich in nutrients, chemicals, disinfectants, feed residues, metals, minerals, and nitrates. This paper presents the aquaculture waste leachate and clay interaction. Our findings revealed that ammonia interaction with the clay particles significantly influence the hydraulic behavior of the clays. Further, long-term clay-leachate interactions lead to negative environmental consequences. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Assessment of Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Ponds in the Western Delta Region of Andhra Pradesh
(MDPI, 2022) Thotakura, T.V.; Malegole, S.B.; Chaudhary, B.; Gobinath, G.
Aquaculture is persistent and well-established in the delta region of Andhra Pradesh. In recent years, the expansion of aquaculture has conferred positive economic growth in the newly formed state. However, the enormous development of aqua ponds increases the effluents from aquaculture which contain various chemical compounds that can cause negative impacts when released into the environment. This paper presents the effect of unengineered aquaculture on the environment in the delta region of Andhra Pradesh. The expansion rate of aquaculture practice in the delta region has been carried out using remote sensing and a geospatial information system. An experimental investigation was carried out on soil and water samples collected from the aquaculture ponds to evaluate the water quality parameters and soil characterization. Analysis of the geotechnical properties and microstructure was carried out to determine the interaction between the soil and the aquaculture contaminants. Based on the geospatial data and field survey, the aquaculture practice in the delta region of Andhra Pradesh was intensive and extended towards the northeast from the southwest. Between 2016 and 2020, aquaculture practice significantly increased by 6.08%. Moreover, the water quality parameters and pond bottom soil showed a higher concentration of ammonia and nitrates. Further, aquaculture leachate may interact with the subsoil and have a negative impact on soil mineralogy and hydraulic conductivity. The extensive experimental data and field surveys reveal that adequate guidelines are needed to control the pollution load on the ecosystem. © 2022 by the authors.
Assessment of Nitrate Fluxes in Intensive Aquaculture Region in Godavari Delta Using Spatial Interpolation Kriging
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Thotakura, T.V.; Sunil, B.M.; Chaudhary, B.; Rambabu, T.
In areas with a high concentration of intense aquaculture, nitrate pollution and nutrient enrichment are growing concerns. With predicted future climate changes, these problems are expected to intensify for aquifersÂ and surface waters. The possibility exists to reduce some of these worries through land management and utilization modifications. However, there is much ambiguity surrounding how these alterations will relate. This article uses conventional kriging and empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) to estimate nitrate levels in Indiaâ€™s intensive aquaculture zone, the Godavari delta. The stable, exponential, rational quadratic, and Gaussian models were used to fit experimental variograms using weighted least squares. The number of neighbors that generated the best cross-validation outcome has been further investigated for the model with the shortest residual sum of the squares. Krigingâ€™s statistical approaches provided the best root mean square error (RMSE) values overall. No additional summary statistics shed any light on the regression methodâ€™s selection or settings. After thorough testing, we concluded that many parameters might be better detected using cross-validation. Â© 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Assessment of Seismic Liquefaction of Soils Using Swarm-Assisted Optimization Algorithm
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Thotakura, V.; Durga Prasad, C.D.; Chaudhary, B.; Sunil, B.M.
Assessment of liquefaction potential of soils due to the earthquake has been carried out in this research using the nature-inspired Metaheuristic swarm-assisted algorithm (PSO). An assessment has been made on the basis of actual field data from the previous research. The field data consists of 59 sets having variables of total stress of soil (âŒ o), effective stress of the soil (âŒ â€²o), percentage fines, mean size of soil particles (D50), standard penetration value (SPT), the equivalent dynamic shear stress (Tav/âŒ â€²o), maximum horizontal acceleration at ground surface (a/g) and the earthquake magnitude (M). PSO-based models were developed for both single variable and multivariable linear approaches. The results revealed that for the assessment of liquefaction of soils, the developed PSO models perform good estimations in terms of the errors and convergent solution. And also, with a damping coefficient and varying input variables, there is a significant improvement in the best solution. These developed models can be useful for practicing engineers in the field. Â© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Behavior of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Under Seismic Loading: Numerical Simulations
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Kumar, S.; Chaudhary, B.; Sajan, M.K.; Akarsh, P.K.; Sah, B.
Offshore wind energy has emerged as a pivotal source of renewable energy, driven by the need to address climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. The behavior of offshore wind turbine foundations plays a critical role in ensuring the efficiency and durability of these structures in harsh marine environments. The numerical simulations of an offshore wind turbine foundation under seismic loading are presented in this paper, with an emphasis on vertical settlement and horizontal displacement. The dynamic behavior of the foundation is evaluated under different soil properties and caisson geometry using sophisticated finite element modeling. The parametric study shows that increasing the length of suction caisson foundation there is an appreciable amount of reduction in vertical settlement of foundation due deeper embedment of caisson. A deeper embedment provides increased resistance to horizontal displacement because the foundation interacts with more stable soil layers. Because denser sand has a higher unit weight, it resists compression better, which reduces overall soil compression under load and minimizes vertical settling of foundations. Sand unit weight influences an offshore wind turbine caisson foundationâ€™s horizontal displacement by boosting seabed interaction, increasing vertical stress, and possibly offering more resistance because of its higher shear strength. The results highlight the need for strict seismic design standards to guarantee the dependability and security of offshore wind farm foundations in seismically active areas, the paper ultimately contributes to the development of more efficient, sustainable, and resilient offshore wind energy infrastructure. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
Behaviour of Open Trenches for the Mitigation of Ground-Borne Vibrations
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Kumar, A.; Sajan, M.K.; Akarsh, P.K.; Sah, B.; Chaudhary, B.
With the advancement of modern technology, increased rail and road transit systems have been built to relieve traffic congestion in densely populated cities. Railway lines may inevitably pass through residential or vibration-sensitive areas where high-precision labs or factories are located. Ground vibrations associated with these railway and roadway systems have become a significant concern due to rapid urbanization and related activities. Traffic, vibrating equipment, pile driving, machine foundation, and blasting induce ground vibrations might affect the integrity of nearby structures. Therefore, vibration isolation is necessary to mitigate ground-borne vibrations with suitable techniques in the present-day context. Researchers have performed multiple studies to develop efficient mitigation techniques to counter the problem of ground-borne vibrations, such as open trenches, infilled trenches, and pile barriers. Open trench barriers are one of the prominent isolation techniques for ground vibration. In this study, the performance of open trenches is investigated for the isolation of ground-borne vibrations by performing numerical analyses by utilizing the finite element method. A parametric study was carried out to evaluate the influence of trench geometry and the number of trenches in attenuating the ground-borne vibrations. The results indicate that the depth and width of an open trench are two crucial parameters determining its performance in wave attenuation. The ground-borne vibration isolation system of the trench shows improvement in damping ground-borne vibrations. Additionally, the dual trench systems were observed to reduce the wave propagation across all distances from the vibration source. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
Comprehensive Analysis of Gabion Configurations for Modelling Tsunami-Resilient Rubble Mound Breakwaters
(Springer, 2025) Sajan, M.K.; Sah, B.; Kumar, S.; Chaudhary, B.
Coastal communities face significant threats from tsunamis, which cause extensive damage to infrastructure and endanger human lives. Rubble mound breakwaters, widely adopted structures in ports and harbours globally, serve as the first line of defense against tsunami waves. However, their failures in past tsunamis highlight the need for enhanced resilience. The performance of rubble mound breakwaters under tsunami conditions has received limited research attention, and few studies have explored effective countermeasures to mitigate tsunami-induced damages. This study addresses this research gap by performing a comprehensive evaluation through physical model tests, analytical studies and numerical simulations, focusing on the behaviour of rubble mound breakwaters under tsunami overflow. Observations from the responses of conventional models during overflow tests informed the proposal of a reinforcing technique utilizing gabions as a countermeasure to enhance tsunami resilience. Measurements of crest displacements and excess pore water pressure developed in both the foundation soils and the breakwater during tsunami overflow were ascertained to comparatively analyse the performance of the proposed reinforced models. An in-depth analysis was conducted on the placement and positioning of gabions to identify the most effective configuration for transforming a conventional rubble mound breakwater into a tsunami-resilient structure. Among the various gabion placement configurations studied, the stepped configuration demonstrated a remarkable 97.8% reduction in settlement during tsunami overflow. Further analytical and numerical studies were performed to assess the performance of the proposed gabion-reinforced model under tsunami overflow conditions. This proposed technique presents significant potential for protecting a wide range of coastlines by enhancing the resilience of rubble mound breakwaters against tsunamis. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Indian Geotechnical Society 2025.
Developing Tsunami-Resilient Rubble Mound Breakwater: Novel Gabion-Based Technique
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2025) Sajan, M.K.; Chaudhary, B.; Akarsh, A.P.; Sah, B.
The rubble mound (RM) breakwater, which is a prevalent coastal structure worldwide, often faces the significant challenge of tsunami-induced damage. Coastal regions which are characterized by high population density necessitate robust breakwaters to withstand the destructive forces of tsunamis. The most devastating natural hazard that a breakwater could encounter during its lifespan is the tsunami. Past occurrences have revealed vulnerabilities in conventional RM breakwaters leading to failures attributed to the scouring of rubble and seabed caused by excessive seepage during tsunami overflow events. This study presents novel countermeasures aimed at mitigating the potential failure mechanisms induced by tsunamis on RM breakwaters. The proposed countermeasure elements include gabions, crown walls equipped with shear keys, and sheet piles. To assess the efficacy of these innovations, a series of tsunami overflow tests was conducted on small-scale models. The results demonstrated a marked improvement in the stability and resilience of RM breakwaters against tsunamis with the incorporation of these countermeasures. Additionally, numerical simulations were performed to determine the precise mechanisms influencing the behavior of the breakwater during tsunamis. © 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Development of resilient breakwater against earthquake and Tsunami
(2019) Chaudhary, B.; Hazarika, H.; Murakami, A.; Fujisawa, K.
The coastal areas in Japan suffered devastating damage due to the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Breakwaters collapsed mainly because of foundation failures during the earthquake and tsunami. Due to the breakwater failures, the tsunami entered the coastal zones and imposed deep devastation. This study focused on the development of reinforcing countermeasures for a breakwater foundation that can produce a resilient breakwater against earthquakes and tsunamis, such as foundations reinforced with sheet piles and gabions. Physical model tests were carried out for scaled-down breakwater models to examine the performance of the reinforcing countermeasures under an earthquake and tsunami. During the tests, the developed reinforced model was found to be effective in mitigating the damage of the breakwater created by the earthquake and tsunami. Numerical simulations were performed to further clarify the mechanism. 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Development of resilient breakwater against earthquake and Tsunami
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org, 2019) Chaudhary, B.; Hazarika, H.; Murakami, A.; Fujisawa, K.
The coastal areas in Japan suffered devastating damage due to the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Breakwaters collapsed mainly because of foundation failures during the earthquake and tsunami. Due to the breakwater failures, the tsunami entered the coastal zones and imposed deep devastation. This study focused on the development of reinforcing countermeasures for a breakwater foundation that can produce a resilient breakwater against earthquakes and tsunamis, such as foundations reinforced with sheet piles and gabions. Physical model tests were carried out for scaled-down breakwater models to examine the performance of the reinforcing countermeasures under an earthquake and tsunami. During the tests, the developed reinforced model was found to be effective in mitigating the damage of the breakwater created by the earthquake and tsunami. Numerical simulations were performed to further clarify the mechanism. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Dynamic Analysis on the Seismic Resilience of Rubble Mound Breakwaters
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Sajan, M.K.; Chaudhary, B.; Akarsh, P.K.; Sah, B.
In the aftermath of past earthquakes causing damage to rubble mound (RM) and exposing coastal infrastructure to potential tsunami waves, this paper presents an in-depth investigation into the seismic performance of these critical coastal defenses. Employing advanced finite element analysis software, the study utilizes sinusoidal input ground motions with varying accelerations to simulate the seismic response of RM breakwaters. The research methodology entails meticulous finite element modeling of conventional breakwaters and the strategic integration of reinforcements, such as sheet piles and geogrids. A detailed analysis of displacement profiles and changes in pore pressures within the seabed soil beneath the RM breakwater is conducted, offering crucial insights into its seismic behavior. The investigation explores diverse combinations of reinforcements to assess their efficacy in fortifying the breakwater against seismic loading. Seismic response is simulated by imposing sinusoidal input waves as displacements at the bottom boundary of the soil layer, with free-field boundaries at either end to eliminate reflective effects. This research significantly contributes to the optimization of RM breakwater designs, providing practical strategies for enhancing their seismic performance in coastal engineering applications. The use of finite element analysis facilitates a nuanced understanding of dynamic interactions, allowing for the development of robust and resilient coastal structures to withstand seismic challenges and mitigate potential damages to coastal infrastructure and life. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
Effects of High Cyclic Strains on Dynamic Properties of Cohesionless Soils
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Akarsh, P.K.; Chaudhary, B.; Sajan, M.K.; Chikkanna, T.; Talkad, P.
Soils can experience large cyclic shear strains (>1%) under dynamic loading circumstances such as earthquakes. Determining dynamic properties such as damping ratios and shear modulus is crucial in the design of earthquake-resistant structures. From past studies, it was understood that the dynamic behaviour of soils at higher strains (>0.01%) is different from soils subjected to lower strains (<0.001%) because of nonlinear stressâ€“strain behaviour and damping characteristics at higher strains. Furthermore, it was evident that the majority of tests were carried out on lower strains and only few numbers of studies were reported on tests for higher strains. Hence in this study, the dynamic properties for locally available cohesionless soils tested under high cyclic strains are presented. Generally, the dynamic properties were determined up to strain levelsâ€‰<1% considering a symmetrical hysteresis loop. But the loop becomes asymmetric as the strain level increases and due to which, dynamic properties are over-estimated. So, in this study, the dynamic properties of saturated sand were determined by an actual asymmetric hysteresis loop. Strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted soil specimens at a low frequency (0.25Â Hz) for variable peak strain levels (0.15â€“1.5%). The specimens were prepared at different relative densities (30â€“90%) and consolidated at an effective confining pressure of 100Â kPa. The findings of the study revealed that the soilâ€™s shear modulus would degrade more quickly or that the modulus reduction ratio would reduceÂ at higher strain levels (Î³â€‰â‰¥â€‰1%) due to an increase in pore water pressure during undrained cyclic loading. It also turns out that at higher strain values (>1%), the damping ratio significantly decreased. Hence, it is not obvious to extrapolate the trend seen for Î³â€‰<â€‰1% to get the results for Î³â€‰>â€‰1%. This work would be helpful for geotechnical practicians and researchers to have insights into the existing methodology for finding the dynamic properties of cohesionless soils at higher cyclic strains. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
Exploring the impact of aquaculture sludge on the swell-shrink behavior of expansive clays
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Thotakura, T.; Sunil, B.M.; Chaudhary, B.; Gobinath, R.; Bala, G.
Aquaculture is practiced in many countries including India; coastal region of Andhra Pradesh is known for its intensive aquaculture farming. Sludge obtained from these farms was used to fill low-lying areas during summer. Aquaculture sludge (AS) is an organic material generated at the bottom of the aquaculture pond produced from shrimp effluents, chemical usage, unsustainable feed, minerals, and disinfectants. It is a polluting material that requires care and attention. This work aims to evaluate the effect of the mixing of aquaculture sludge on the geotechnical properties of clay subsoil. Plasticity, compaction characteristics, and one-dimensional swell consolidation tests were performed on expansive blended clays. The results of the swell-shrink behavior of expansive clays mixed with AS show a significant decrease in swelling phenomenon. Microstructural analysis of expansive clay and clay mixed with AS was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests to understand the surface textures, particle sizes, and chemical reactions. Microstructural analysis revealed the development of a crystalline structure with a C-S-H gel and CaCO3. In addition, it also shows the development of flocs and the aggregation of clay particles with AS. © 2024 The Authors
Furfural-Extracted Corncob Ash: A New Geomaterial for Sustainable Construction
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Thotakura, V.; Venkata Rao, M.V.; Sunil, B.M.; Chaudhary, B.
Nowadays, globally rapid increase in the production and demand of furfural oil due to its many viable properties and best alternative to petroproducts. Furfural-extracted corncob ash (FECA) is a residue generated from the furfural production industry. However, during the furfural extraction process, the bulk of corncob ash was developed, and dumping the residue poses an environmental threat. This paper presents the efficacy of the FCEA as a geomaterial in construction. A series of tests was conducted on FCEA blended clays to determine free swell index, compaction, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. Maximum dry densities and CBR values were significantly improved with an increase in FCEA content. The test results indicate that the FECA is a desirable material for construction activities. The paper also explores the potential selection of better geomaterial for construction. Because in most cases, the choice of additives predominantly relies on the engineering properties of the material. Such an exposition may cause an increased cost of the project due to the cost of the selected geomaterial. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Geosynthetic reinforced rubble mound breakwater for mitigation of tsunami-induced damage
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Sajan, M.; Chaudhary, B.; Akarsh, P.K.; Kumar, S.
Several rubble mound breakwaters (RMB) were damaged and even collapsed during the past tsunamis. The main reasons for the failure of the breakwaters occurred due to the combined effects of seepage and scouring. Limited articles are available dealing with the behaviour of RMB during the tsunami. Furthermore, few available articles are related to developing countermeasures for the RMB against tsunamis. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the study to determine the exact behaviour of the RMB under the action of the tsunami. In addition, the main aim of the present study is to develop countermeasures to make the breakwater tsunami resilient. The present study proposes a novel geosynthetics-reinforced RMB to mitigate tsunami-induced breakwater damage. Based on the available information, this is the first time geosynthetics have been used in the RMB to mitigate tsunami-induced damage. Geogrid layers, geobags, sheet piles and crown walls (with shear keys) are adopted as countermeasure elements against the tsunami. Since the height of a tsunami can exceed its design tsunami height, tsunami waves were allowed to overflow the breakwater in physical model tests. Comparative analyses between the reinforced and unreinforced RMB were performed by conducting physical model tests, analytical tools, and numerical simulations. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
Geosynthetic Reinforcing Technique against Earthquake-Induced Damage of Rubble Mound Breakwaters
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2025) Akarsh, A.P.; Chaudhary, B.; Sajan, M.K.; Sah, B.; Kumar, S.
During past earthquakes, many breakwaters were found unstable due to the loss of seabed foundation stability and the deformation of its components. Limited studies are available on the seismic stability of rubble mound breakwaters. Hence, in this study, earthquake effects on RM breakwater were investigated. A series of shake table tests were conducted, applying sinusoidal input motion at the modelâ€™s base. The conventional model has seabed soils and breakwater mound. In addition, a reinforcing technique employing geosynthetic materials for mitigating the earthquake-induced damage of RM breakwater was developed. The geosynthetic reinforcing elements like geotextile sand-filled bags and geogrids were utilized at various locations of the model. The performance of the developed reinforcing model was compared with the responses of the conventional model using various parameters. The settlement and horizontal displacement of the developed model were reduced by 45% and 43%, respectively, during the mainshock. The developed model can be utilized for real-world applications. Â© ASCE.
Impact of Aquaculture Solid Waste on Environment in the Delta Region of Andhra Pradesh: A Case Study
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Thotakura, T.V.; Sunil, B.M.; Chaudhary, B.
Aquaculture solid waste (ASW) from the aquaculture ponds is emerging waste which impacts on the environment due to intensive culture practices. In intensive aquaculture ponds, 45â€“65% of the dry weight of waste (shells, fins, and bones), surplus feed, chemicals, and minerals. This has led to a decline in the quality of the water used for aquaculture, environmental pollution, the occurrence of aquatic diseases, and even ecological imbalance, which has become a significant concern. This study presents the leachate characteristics and groundwater characteristics of the nearby dump sites. Field surveys were carried to know the source and disposal of ASW and to identify the lacunae of practice. Based on the leachate characteristics, it has been suggested that proper management of ASW is needed. This study also explores the Indian ASW and its impact on environment. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Influence of Aquaculture Sludge on Volume Change Behavior of Expansive Clays
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Thotakura, T.V.; Sunil, B.M.; Chaudhary, B.
Aquaculture waste sludge (AWS) from the aquaculture ponds in the delta region of Andhra Pradesh is most popular. Intensive aquaculture practice involves usage of higher dosages of minerals and chemicals in the aquaculture ponds. Further, due to the intensive activity, there is a formation of AWS at the bottom of the ponds. In this study, experimental investigation was carried with various concentrations of ASW sludge was blended with the expansive clays. A summary of one-dimensional swell-consolidation studies on expansive clays blended with AWS is presented. Rate of heave, swell potential, and swelling pressure significantly decreased with the increase in ASW content. The paper also explores microstructural behavior of the expansive clays blended with AWS. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Investigations on the development of hybrid mound breakwaters for tsunami defense
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Sajan, M.K.; Chaudhary, B.; P K, A.; Sah, B.
Tsunamis significantly damage coastal infrastructure and lives, resulting in extensive economic implications. Despite the global adoption of breakwaters as a primary coastal defence measure, it was observed that the structural integrity of several of these breakwaters was compromised during past tsunamis. The present study addresses these vulnerabilities of breakwaters by particularly focusing on the most commonly adopted rubble mound type breakwater. Further, this study introduces a novel technique in order to enhance the reliability of these structures by mitigating the tsunami induced failure mechanisms. In the novel technique, wrap-faced geogrids are implemented to reinforce the rubble mound without compromising the breakwater functionality in dissipating the incident wave energy through transmission. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out, including tsunami overflow tests, analytical assessments, and numerical simulations, to ascertain the effectiveness of the novel hybrid mound breakwater. The findings indicate that the developed hybrid mound breakwater withstood level 1 tsunamis with a 96.7 % reduction in settlement. One of the critical failure mechanism of breakwaters observed during past tsunamis was due to the seepage induced scouring of the foundation. The hybrid mound breakwater showcased a 42.37 % reduction in the foundation pore water pressure during tsunami by incorporating cut off walls. The numerical simulations also reconfirmed the enhanced performance of hybrid mound breakwater to protect the coasts from future tsunamis. © 2025
Mitigation Technique Against Earthquake-Induced Damages by Using Scrap Tire Chips in Shallow Foundations
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Akarsh, P.K.; Shivasharan, S.; Ujwal, B.; Udaykiran, L.V.; Chaudhary, B.
In recent years, earthquakes like the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, and the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake have seriously damaged buildings and their foundations. This paper investigates the effectiveness of utilizing scrap tire chips beneath shallow foundations to mitigate earthquake-induced building damage. Shake table tests were conducted on physical models, including conventional foundations and foundations augmented with scrap tire layers. The objective was to assess the seismic performance and compare their behavior under sinusoidal input motion. The results of shake table tests demonstrated that incorporating a scrap tire chip layer beneath foundations significantly improves their ability to withstand seismic forces. The settlement of footing in the countermeasure model was reduced by 65.6% compared to the conventional one. The acceleration amplitude recorded at the top of the footing was decreased by 68.8% in the countermeasure model. Thus, the presence of the scrap tire layer effectively dissipates and redistributes seismic energy, thereby reducing the transmission of damaging forces to the superstructure. The enhanced damping characteristics and increased flexibility offered by the scrap tire layer contribute to improved seismic performance. The findings of this study highlight the potential benefits of using scrap tire chips as a cost-effectiveÂ material for mitigating earthquake-induced damages on foundation structures. Using scrap tire chips not only offers a sustainable alternative for waste management but also provides an efficient approach to enhancing buildingsâ€™ seismic resilience. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.