Browsing by Author "Arumuga Perumal, D.A."

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A review on recent advances in microchannel heat sink configurations
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2018) Narendran, G.; Gnanasekaran, N.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
A qualitative observation has been undergone to review the various geometries of a microchannel that has been reported for the last two decades in literature majorly for the application of high power devices. Recent research on microchannel is more focused on numerical and experimental work with various configurations of the heat sink. In this paper, a comparative work on different flow geometries used in the microchannel and their influence on heat transfer and pressure drop is investigated with the brief representation of different working fluids used in microchannel heat sink for the purpose of electronic cooling and their associated performance characteristics with various examined parameters. Background: The microchannel cooling is an established cooling technique for high power electronic components which effectively enhances the performance of the high power devices. Objective: This article presents a general overview of microchannels with novel constructional bifurcations structures with related patents. Further, the influential parameter on thermal and flow characteristics with greater depth is also reviewed by authors. Methods: This review directs by presenting standard and benchmark investigation in the microchannel and different working parameters continued with recent studies. Further, it is addressed with the application of electronic cooling with latest patents using bifurcations and fractal microchannels. Result: The current situation of 3D cooling requires a robust cooling system to accommodate increased heat flux without compromising the packaging. Moreover, the recently developed patents also evolved with improved thermal load handling under constrained packaging. Conclusion: The advanced microchannel cooling with an optimized fluid handling system with effective packaging results in a highly effective heat dissipation system. © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers.
A Review on the development of lattice Boltzmann computation of macro fluid flows and heat transfer
(Elsevier B.V., 2015) Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Dass, A.K.
The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is introduced in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) field as a tool for research and development, but its ultimate importance lies in various industrial and academic applications. Owing to its excellent numerical stability and constitutive versatility it plays an essential role as a simulation tool for understanding micro and macro fluid flows. The LBM received a tremendous impetus with their spectacular use in incompressible and compressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems. The applications of LBM to incompressible flows with simple and complex geometries are much less spectacular. From a computational point of view, the present LBM is hyperbolic and can be solved locally, explicitly, and efficiently on parallel computers. The present paper reviews the philosophy and the formal concepts behind the lattice Boltzmann approach and gives progress in the area of incompressible fluid flows, compressible fluid flows and free surface flows. © 2015 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
A review on thermal energy storage using composite phase change materials
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2018) Chavan, S.; Gumtapure, V.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
Background: This paper intends to provide the elementary understanding about the development of thermal energy storage systems. Reviews of storage system performance are carried out from various characterization studies, experimental work, numerical investigations and patents. Several techniques employed to enhance the thermal performance have been reviewed and discussed. Composite phase change materials are the best alternative to achieve the cost feasibility in thermal energy storage systems without compromising the storage capacity. Objective: The purpose of this study is to give an outline and history of the thermal energy storage systems and enlighten the techniques used for storage density enhancement without significant modifications in the design. Methods: In this study, three methods such as, characterization studies, experimental work, numerical investigations and patents. It also addresses many research articles and recent patents on the thermal storage systems, various techniques adopted and applications of such systems. Results: Composite phase change materials are the best alternative to achieve the cost feasibility in thermal energy storage systems without compromising the storage capacity. Carbon based nanoparticles show excellent properties in the composite phase change materials. Conclusion: Composite phase change materials have greater potential for thermal energy storage applications and especially carbon-based nanoparticles like graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, graphite, graphite oxide, extracted graphite etc., are greatly enhancing the thermo-physical properties of composite phase change materials. Combination of paraffin-based phase change materials and carbon-based nanoparticles can be used for the future thermal energy storage applications. © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers.
Achieving elevated thermal performance with novel ‘O’ rings eccentric spine as turbulators in solar parabolic trough collector
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Ahmed, K.R.A.; Shyam, A.; Prasanna Naveen Kumar, J.P.N.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
The present study integrates the eccentric inserts in the absorber section of a parabolic trough collector to augment the thermal behaviour. To produce significant effect on the thermal performance, the effect of ‘O’ rings with the eccentric spine as turbulator and insert in the receiver tube with thickness of 4 mm and pitch length of 2d are experimentally analysed. The effects of parameters like thermal efficiency, heat transfer coefficient, and heat flow are evaluated, illustrated, and compared with those of a smooth tube. Empirical relations were used to validate and compare the performance parameters. The modified receiver tube with the eccentric insert exhibited improvement in the overall thermal efficiency and heat transfer coefficient to 10.93 and 28.08%, respectively. In addition, the proposed system with inserts exhibited maximum thermal enhancement index and efficiency of 1.078 and 72%, respectively, with 24.02% reduction in cost of heat gain produced and the carbon credits earned for the present system is seen to be 2.89, which is 11% more in comparison with a smooth absorber tube. © Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt 2025.
Advanced thermal vision techniques for enhanced fault diagnosis in electrical equipment: a review
(Springer, 2025) Anbalagan, A.; Persiya, J.; Mohamed Mansoor Roomi, S.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Poornachari, P.; Vijayalakshmi, M.; Ebenezer, L.
Ensuring the reliability and safety of electrical equipment is essential for industrial and residential applications. Traditional fault diagnosis methods involving physical inspections are time-consuming and ineffective for early fault detection. Infrared (IR) thermography offers a non-invasive and efficient solution by identifying anomalies in temperature profiles. This review explores thermal vision-based fault diagnosis techniques, including region of interest (ROI) segmentation, image pre-processing, and fault diagnosis algorithms, with a focus on deep learning approaches. The study highlights the effectiveness of machine learning models in enhancing fault detection accuracy while identifying challenges such as environmental variations, data inconsistencies, and system integration issues. The review discusses the role of real-time applications, wireless technologies, and AI-based automation in improving fault detection. Research gaps are identified, and future directions are proposed to enhance efficiency, reliability, and industrial adoption. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Society for Reliability Engineering, Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM), India and The Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden 2025.
An investigation on CRDi engine characteristic using renewable orange-peel oil
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Bragadeshwaran, B.; Kasianantham, K.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Babu, J.M.; Tiwari, A.; Sharma, A.
Aiming towards discovering a solution for the imminent fossil fuel crisis, the research contributes towards the utilisation of orange peel oil as a potential alternative to mineral diesel while strictly adhering to the emission norms. The study reveals the performance, combustion and emissions characteristics obtained upon operating a 20% by volume of OPO blended with diesel, in a compression ignition engine, integrated with a common rail direct injection (CRDi) system. The fuel injection pressures were varied as 400 bar, 500 bar and 600 bar. Furthermore, two stage injection strategies were employed while varying the pilot charge quantity as 10%, 20% and 30%. Subsequently, 10% EGR was employed for the test with 30% pilot injection quantity upon realising that the respective NOx emissions were the highest for the same. All the results were compared with the test results while utilising diesel at 600 bar injection pressure. For OPO20 the brake thermal efficiency at full load was observed to be 31.37% higher and the brake specific fuel consumption 5.53% lower than that for diesel. In-cylinder pressure values recorded were almost similar to diesel corresponding to brake power. Heat release rate was significantly higher in case of orange peel oil. Additionally, it was found that smoke, unburned hydrocarbons content and carbon monoxide emission decreased by 16.30%, 27.63% and 42.28% respectively in the engine exhaust. Oxides of nitrogen were recorded to be 15.46% higher than that of diesel. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Application of Lattice Boltzmann Method for fluid flow modelling of FSLDR domain
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Bhatt, T.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
In this work Lattice Boltzmann method is used to solve the Four Sided lid-driven rectangular cavity flow (FSLDR) problem. The fluid is considered as incompressible. In the present problem all the four walls moves with a constant velocity. The left wall moves in positive y-direction, the right wall moves in negative y-direction. The top wall moves in positive x-direction and the bottom wall moves in negative x-direction. The aspect ratio of the cavity taken is 0.50. The present code is validated for single lid-driven cavity flow problem. Next, the study is extended to FSLSR problem. The position of vortex obtained are studied at Reynolds number Re=50, 100, 500, 1000. In addition to the primary vortex, two secondary vortices are also obtained. Thus, the present study shows that Lattice Boltzmann Method can be used to capture the details of vortex dynamics Â© 2019 Elsevier Ltd.
Characterization of linear low-density polyethylene with graphene as thermal energy storage material
(Institute of Physics Publishing helen.craven@iop.org, 2019) Chavan, S.; Gumtapure, V.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
In this work authors reported the preparation and characterization of composite phase change material (CPCM) using the direct-synthesis method by blending the Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with Carboxyl Functionalized Graphene (f-Gr). LLDPE is selected as base material and f-Gr is dispersed into three different concentrations 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt% and referred as CPCM-1, CPCM-2 and CPCM-3 respectively. Experimental analysis is carried out through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The preset study assesses the influences of nanoparticle concentration on thermophysical properties, thermal performance and thermal storage characteristics of CPCMs. Results show that addition of f-Gr improves the thermal conductivity and latent heat of fusion of LLDPE. However, f-Gr slightly reduces the melting temperature and decreased the crystallization temperature. Therefore, this study reveals that f-Gr, addition to LLDPE has substantial potential for improving the thermal energy storage performance. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Combustion modelling of sequential combustion in steam-methane reformation (SMR) furnace using adiabatic flamelet generated manifold
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Joe, E.S.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
Hydrogen as an energy vector of the future is being explored by many. Steam-methane reformation proves itself as a major source of hydrogen that is to play a major role in the electrification of the energy sector and decarbonization efforts. Detailed design and design optimization of SMR furnaces are required to maximize the production within a plant. Unit-operation level process of a cogeneration plant, producing both energy and hydrogen, have been studied by other researchers. Sequential combustion of natural gas/methane within the furnace of an SMR unit placed downstream of a power generating gas turbine is analysed within the present work using computational fluid dynamics. Flamelet generated manifolds as a means of combustion modelling for a large-eddy simulation is used to analyse the flow features, flame structure and the vortex-flame interaction. The fuel rich case features a stable flame although with a lower temperature, and the fuel lean case features an unstable flame. The outcomes of this study may be utilized by designers to study factors that bottle-neck production in the furnace. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
Comparative studies on air, water and nanofluids based Rayleigh–Benard natural convection using lattice Boltzmann method: CFD and exergy analysis
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Karki, P.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Yadav, A.K.
The present study incorporates laminar natural convection and entropy generation in Rayleigh–Benard (R–B) convection with air, water and alumina–water nanofluid as working fluids. The fluid flow and energy equations are solved using D2Q9 and D2Q5 LBM models, respectively. The effects of Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 5 × 103, 104, 105) and volume fractions (? = 0 to 0.08) of nanoparticles on heat transfer and irreversibility are investigated. Results show that the heat transfer evaluated based on Nusselt number is enhanced due to addition of nanoparticles in the base fluid. The maximum enhancement in Nusselt number is found to be 13.93% at Ra = 105 with 8% of nanoparticle in base fluid. The various irreversibilities considered in this study are thermal, fluid flow and total irreversibility, where fluid flow and total irreversibilities in the study depend on irreversibility ratio. The irreversibility ratios taken into account are 10–2, 10–3, 10–4 and 10–5. One facet of study shows the deviation in onset of critical Rayleigh number for air is 1.58%. The other facet indicates dimensionless heat transfer, fluid flow and total irreversibility decrease with the increase in volume fraction of nanoparticles in the base fluid. The analyzed results of irreversibilities are presented in normalized form. In addition, dimensionless entropy generation maps and Bejan number contours are also plotted. © 2021, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
Computation of fluid flow in double sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavities using Lattice Boltzmann method
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Bhopalam, S.B.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Yadav, A.K.
This work implements Lattice Boltzmann method to compute flows in double-sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavities. Firstly, a complicated geometry which is a symmetrized version of the staggered lid-driven cavity namely, the double-sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavity with antiparallel uniform wall motion is studied employing Single as well as Two Relaxation time models. The streamline patterns and vorticity contours obtained for low to moderate Reynolds numbers (150–1000) are compared with published results and found to be in good accordance. Next, this code is extended to simulate flows in a double-sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavity with parallel uniform wall motion. The effect of three dimensionality is also studied for low Reynolds numbers. Lattice Boltzmann method is then used to investigate the oscillating double-sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavity with antiparallel and parallel wall motions. The movement and formation of primary and secondary vortices have been well captured with the variation of Reynolds numbers and oscillating frequencies for uniform and oscillating wall motions. Reasonable agreements with the established results have been observed for the double-sided cross-shaped cavity with uniform wall motions, while new results have been obtained in the case of oscillating wall motions. © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS
Computation of incompressible fluid flows in a single-sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavity using Lattice Boltzmann method
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Bhopalam, R.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
This work is an application of a novel Scientfic Computational algorithm, namely, Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which has recently been recognized due to two prominent features of its algorithm - simplicity and ability to be parallelized. To get an overview of its application, this study implements LBM with Single Relaxation time (SRT) model to compute the steady incompressible fluid flows in a single sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavity (SSC-LDC). Being categorized as a complex planar geometry of the lid-driven cavity, the code validation for this work is performed by comparing the results of a single sided lid driven cavity (SS - LDC) with benchmarks. The streamline patterns and centerline velocity profiles compared with published results are found to be in good accordance. After establishing the reliability of the code, the mathematical code is extended to simulate the fluid flow in the single-sided cross-shaped lid-driven cavity (SSC-LDC). To demonstrate the physical sense of the flows in SSC-LDC, the development and progress of primary and secondary vortices have also been well captured with the variation of Reynolds number. Â© 2016 IEEE.
Computational Analysis of Efficient Transient Multi-Relaxation-Time LBM for Bounded Domains
(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023) Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Satheesh Raja, R.A.; Sunil, J.; Benham, A.
The mesoscopic approach of MRT-LBM for solving various transient incompressible viscous fluid flow problems is studied. The multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) is an alternative method and application to unsteady fluid flow problems is scarce. The MRT-LBM is used to solve three flow problems, namely, single lid-driven cavity flow, double lid-driven cavity with parallel wall motion and the double lid-driven cavity with antiparallel wall motion. The present MRT-LBM efficiently captures both steady and transient-state solutions of two-dimensional viscous fluid flow problems. Detailed results produced by the MRT-LBM scheme for all the three test cases are provided and compared with established numerical results. The close agreement of the results bears testimony to the validity of this approach. It is concluded that, the MRT-LBM scheme is likely to be very useful for the computation of transient viscous flows involving free shear layers. Â© 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.
Computational analysis of nonhomogeneous fluid flow in a two-cylinder-driven rectangular cavity
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Joe, E.S.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
This paper involves a two-dimensional computational study of flow evolution patterns and the temperature distribution at evolved states of a fluid under compressible conditions contained within a driven rectangular cavity with two symmetrically placed circular cylinders, where one cylinder is heated and the other cooled. Conditions developed by varying the positions of the cylinders within the cavity, by varying the initial conditions of temperature distributions of the fluid as well as temperatures at which the cylinders are held to heat or cool the flow and by varying the orientation of the direction of rotation of the cylinders with respect to each other – either opposing or identical – are studied. The analyses are conducted by observing the temperature distributions over the streamline patterns, the velocity profiles over a line dividing the cavity length in half and the temperature distribution over a line dividing the cavity height in half. Best mixing conditions have been found to be for cavities with cylinders placed close to each other and rotating in identical directions. © 2021
Computational appraisal of fluid flow behavior in two-sided oscillating lid-driven cavities
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Bhopalam, S.R.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Yadav, A.K.
The current work employs lattice Boltzmann simulations to compute incompressible flows in two-sided oscillating lid-driven cavities. Vortex dynamics in oscillatory lid-driven cavity flows is more complex than steady lid-driven cavity flows due to the strong dependence of the evolutionary flow field on several parameters of interest: Reynolds number (Re), dimensionless oscillating frequency (?) and Speed Ratio (SR), to name a few. A comprehensive study on the variation of flow patterns in both antiparallel and parallel oscillating wall motions has been performed by systematically varying the parameters (Re, ? and SR) over a wide range of values. To make it easier for the reader, these flow patterns have been appropriately classified into several flow modes, which are later explained using streamline patterns, centerline velocity profiles and three-dimensional flow maps. Simulations show that Re and ? control the penetration depth of the fluid inside the cavity, while SR controls the size and strength of additional primary or corner vortices generated from the bottom lid motion. The significance of the current work may be found in industrial applications, where Re, ? and SR may have to appropriately tuned to yield a specific flow mode. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Computational investigation of bounded domain with different orientations using CPCM
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Chavan, S.; Gumtapure, V.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
The present work deals with the composite phase change material (CPCM) of 98% paraffin wax and 2% copper nanoparticle, filled into the bounded domain. Effects of orientation (45° 90° 135° and 180°) with different wall heating conditions (base, left and top wall) are analyzed numerically to understand the flow patterns and interface morphology developed during melting/solidification processes. The melting/solidification mechanism exhibited non-uniform flow patterns and irregular morphology which are dependent on geometrical orientations and different wall heating conditions. The results revealed that the bounded domain with different orientations have significant effect on natural convection current formation. As the orientation changes, the heat transfer rate gets influenced significantly and convection currents amplifies. Top wall heating arrangement of 180° orientation shows competence in achieving better thermal performance. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Conjugate heat transfer study comprising the effect of thermal conductivity and irreversibility in a pipe filled with metallic foams
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Jadhav, P.H.; Gnanasekaran, N.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
A parametric study is proposed in this paper to examine heat dissipation rate and entropy generation of a forced convection in a horizontal pipe which is filled with high porous metallic foams. The study quantifies the effect of thermal conductivity and pore density on entropy generation when the pipe is fully filled with copper, aluminium and nickel metallic foams of 0.6 m length in the fluid flow direction. To predict fluid flow and heat transfer features through these metallic foams the Darcy-extended Forchheimer (DEF) flow and the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) models are employed. The characteristics of laminar, transition and turbulent in the non-foam region of the pipe are captured by considering the appropriate flow models. To affirm the methodology adopted in this work, the results of the present numerical solutions are validated with the available experimental results reported in the literature. Colburn j factor and thermal performance factor are the important factors that decide the performance and efficiency of any heat exchange device. Hence, these parameters are critically evaluated and are observed to increase with increasing pore densities of the metal foams and decrease with increasing flow rates of the fluid. Furthermore, the numerical analysis is extended to obtain the results of wall temperature, Nusselt number, heat transfer enhancement ratio, frictional irreversibility and Bejan number. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Effect of fuel injection strategies and EGR on biodiesel blend in a CRDI engine
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Bhowmick, P.; Jeevanantham, A.K.; Bragadeshwaran, B.; Kasianantham, K.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Viswanathan, V.; Vora, K.C.; Jain, A.
Biodiesel appears as a replenishable and sustainable energy source and can be used a direct replacement to petro-diesel without any major transformations in ongoing diesel engines. This work concentrates on production of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel (CIB) and preparing 10% blend (CIB10) sample to investigate the effects of varying the injection strategies and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in common-rail direct injection engine. The experimental results shows that 10% of pilot fuel and 90% main injection strategy (B10@P10-M90) is superior among all others injection strategies with respect to pure diesel. B10@P10-M90 fuel injection strategy produces the maximum efficiency of 35.8% and lowest fuel consumption of 0.25 kg/kWh compared to all the injection strategies. The carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are also found to be quite low compared to all the other test samples including pure diesel. However B10@P10-M90 results in higher average oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission which is 18.9% higher in contrast to conventional diesel at full load condition. With the implementation of 10% and 20% EGR with B10@P10-M90, the average NOx emissions decreased by 14.4% and 27.6% respectively compared to B10@P10-M90 without any EGR without significant loss in the performance of the existing diesel engine. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Effect of geometry on heating and cooling characteristics for thermal energy storage-A Computational Study
(Toronto Metropolitan University, 2019) Chavan, S.; Gumtapure, V.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.
In the present work an attempt is made to understand the effect of geometry on heating and cooling characteristics for thermal energy storage applications. Three different geometrical models (square, pentagon and hexagon) are selected and thermal storage material used is composite of paraffin wax (98%) and Al2O3 nanoparticles (2%) [1-2]. The heating and cooling processes are analyzed by applying constant heat flux and the boundary conditions imposed are: Heating cycle (i) Constant heat flux is applied to left wall (for square) and upper left wall (for pentagon and hexagon). Cooling cycle (ii) Constant heat rejection through right wall (for square) and lower right wall (pentagon and hexagon). (iii) Remaining all other walls are Insulated for both the cases. The geometrical 2-D model is created by using ICEMCFD16.0 pre-processing software of ANSYS 16.0 version, in order to interpret the superior results good quality mesh is generated all over the computational domain. At the boundaries, the mesh size is reduced and made a uniform to response imposition of inputs and resolve the boundary layer conflicts. In order to reduce the computational time, relatively larger mesh is maintained at the center part of the domain. To investigate the problem Fluent 16.0 is used and concerned parameters are defined, boundary conditions are imposed and temperature dependent user-defined functions (UDF) are interpreted. The numerical investigation aims to understand the effect of geometry on heating and cooling characteristics using composite phase change material. The streamline patterns, liquid fractions and temperature distribution profiles are analyzed and among the models square and hexagonal model shown quicker melting (completed melting within 4000 sec). The liquid fraction variation is also similar and uniform, the temperature variation during complete melting process is least in square model followed by pentagonal model. However, liquid fraction variation is least in pentagonal model. Temperature variation during heating is maximum in case of hexagonal model (14%) increase in temperature. Liquid fraction variation is uniform and smooth in hexagonal model and consumed 50% less time than pentagonal model. The cooling cycle analysis also explored some interesting results, cooling rate is very quick in square model but for optimal thermal storage unit heat rejection process should not be too steep. Pentagonal model shown insignificant characteristics during both heating and cooling processes. The hexagonal model exhibited uniform and gradual variation in liquid fraction as well as temperature variation during the process. For ideal thermal storage device quicker heating is expected and heat rejection should be gradual and relatively slower (specially for long term storage applications). Among all the cases if only heating is required then square model will be the best selection but to achieve optimal heating and cooling hexagonal model will be the best option. Â© 2019, Toronto Metropolitan University. All rights reserved.
Effective heat transfer enhancement for high-efficient electronic cooling: a review
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Ahmed, K.R.A.; Kumar, J.P.N.; Shyam, A.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Ramalingam, R.
The present review article sparks the technology of past and recent state-of-the-art trends in the field of thermal management to increase the thermal conductance with various cooling methodologies in the field of electronic cooling. Due to rapid growth in electronic industry, miniaturization of silicon components and improved performance has made the high power electronic systems to shrink in size. In order to satisfy the performance standards of sensitive electronic systems in different environmental conditions, the use of thermal enhancement technique is necessary and it is a prerequisite. This article establishes the outcomes of various experimental and numerical studies related to natural convection, forced convection and other state-of-the-art cooling technologies that are in use, with the heat flux removal ranging from 155–1550 Wm−2 with natural convection to 15,500–14,00,000 Wm−2 for liquid evaporation. Also, the work explores the investigation and development in various aspects of cooling and the factors associated with it to optimize the system. The outcomes highlight the potential of cooling technology to be adopted in wide area of applications and its capability to improve the thermal management in order to reduce energy consumption. The enhancement techniques are summarized and illustrated. The corollary of this review will be helpful in selecting the thermal enhancement method to be used for improving the thermal performance of the electronic devices. © Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt 2025.