Rao G, H.Polineni, P.Rekha, S.Bhat, M.S.2026-02-052020International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2020, 48, 11, pp. 1853-1863989886https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.2839https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/23647An ultra-low voltage, low power bulk-driven voltage follower (VF) is proposed in this paper. Further, it is exploited to design a fourth-order low-pass filter (LPF) for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing. The filter is designed in UMC 180-nm CMOS technology and operates with an ultra-low supply voltage of 0.3 V. It consumes an extremely low power of 2.4 nW for a cutoff frequency of 100 Hz. Results of post-layout simulation show that the proposed filter provides a dynamic range (DR) of 51.6 dB even from a 0.3-V supply voltage. The filter achieves a Figure-of-merit (FoM) of 4.7 × 10?15, which is better than many designs listed in the literature. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Biomedical signal processingBuffer amplifiersCutoff frequencyElectrocardiographyECG signal processingElectrocardiogram signalFigure of merit (FOM)Low supply voltagesPost layout simulationSupply voltagesUltra-low-voltageVoltage followerLow pass filters