Kulkarni, S.V.Gaonkar, D.N.2026-02-042022International Journal of Power Electronics, 2022, 15, 1, pp. 37-541756638Xhttps://doi.org/10.1504/IJPELEC.2022.119794https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/22846This paper presents the control schemes and performance study of parallel connected inverter based distributed generation sources (DGs) in microgrid for grid-connected and stand-alone modes of operation. This standalone mode of operation of inverter based DG system is mainly based on droop control scheme with the virtual complex impedance in the outer voltage loop. The microgrid load power is proportionally shared by the DGs according to their power ratings which features a good reliability and efficiency. Both the modes are switched automatically based on the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) phase error sin(γ – θ). This phase error is used to detect the islanding during disturbances in the system and also helps in seamless transfer between the modes. The PLL phase error response, islanding detection and mode switching are presented for various fault conditions. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) based platform is used to evaluate the performance of the microgrid in both the modes with islanding detection and automatic mode switching operation. © © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Electric invertersError detectionHardware-in-the-loop simulationLocks (fasteners)Phase locked loopsSwitchingSynthetic aperturesAutomatic modeAutomatic mode switchingDroop controlHardware in the loopsInverte parallel operationInverter parallelsIslanding detectionMicrogridMode-switchingParallel operationsDistributed power generation