Bhargava Kumar, B.K.Naik, R.P.Krishnan, P.2026-02-042022Optical Engineering, 2022, 61, 7, pp. 76107-913286https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.61.7.076107https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/22508We propose a multihop underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) convergent with free-space optical (FSO) system for an optical internet of underwater things (O-IoUT) and underwater optical wireless sensor network (UOWSN) applications. A closed-form expression of outage probability was derived for the proposed system using the cumulative distribution functions gamma-gamma and hypertangent log-normal for FSO link and UWOC link, respectively. The outage performance of the proposed multihop UWOC convergent with FSO system was analyzed over various oceanic water types (clear ocean, coastal ocean, and turbid harbor) and different FSO weather conditions (clear air, haze, drizzle, and light fog). The results also depict the end-to-end system performance for different pointing errors (strong, moderate, and weak) and varying the number of hops. The maximum link range of ∼2.5 km, which includes 2 km of FSO link and 450 m of multihop UWOC link (nine hops with each of 50 m clear ocean), is considered. © 2022 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).Distribution functionsOptical communicationOptical systemsWireless sensor networksFree-space opticalInternet of underwater thingsMulti-hopsMultihop underwater wireless optical communicationOptical InternetOptical internet of underwater thingOptical wireless sensor networksOutage performanceUnderwater optical wireless sensor networkUnderwater wireless optical communicationsUnderwater optical wireless communication