Nisha, K.S.Gaonkar, D.N.2026-02-042022Electrical Engineering, 2022, 104, 4, pp. 2653-26659487921https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-022-01492-whttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/22489Transportation electrification and charging infrastructure development has to gain momentum in order to go hand-in-hand with the fast advances in the electric vehicle technology. Setting up dc fast charging stations connected to bipolar DC microgrid is a great viable option to utilize the distributed energy resources for transportation electrification. It also helps to eliminate power quality issues in ac grid that may arise due to the unpredictable charging/discharging behaviour of EVs. This paper focuses on model predictive control of a three-level bidirectional dc–dc converter suitable for interconnecting bipolar DC microgrid with dc fast charging stations or battery energy storage. State space analysis is done, and discrete model is developed. Simulation of the proposed system with model predictive control is done in Simulink MATLAB. Real-time hardware in loop performance is tested and verified using Typhoon HIL 402. The proposed converter is able to mitigate the voltage unbalance issues arising in the bipolar DC microgrid and is capable of controlling bidirectional power flow, hence suitable for V2G/G2Voperation. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.CapacitanceCharging (batteries)Electric load flowElectric utilitiesEnergy resourcesMicrogridsModel predictive controlBidirectional three-level converterBipolar dc microgridCapacitance voltageCapacitance voltage unbalanceCharging stationDc micro-gridDiscrete state spaceDiscrete state space modelingEV ChargingEV charging stationHardware in loopModel-predictive controlState-space modelsThree-level convertersVoltage unbalancesMATLAB