Naik, R.P.G.D., G.D.G.Krishnan, P.2026-02-052021Applied Optics, 2021, 60, 29, pp. 9067-90731559128Xhttps://doi.org/10.1364/AO.435887https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/23027This paper proposes the idea of a new cooperative communication between the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) using wireless optical connectivity for ocean monitoring applications.We considered IoT communication using a hybrid radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) link and IoUT using a underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) link. Channel models for RF, FSO, and UWOC links are considered to be Rayleigh,Malaga with pointing errors, and hyperbolic tangent log-normal distributions, respectively. The outage probability and the bit error rate (BER) expressions for the proposed system are derived over the combined channel model, which includes the effects of attenuation, turbulence, and pointing errors. The BER results are plotted for various binary digital modulation schemes such as on-off keying, binary phase-shift keying, binary frequency-shift keying, and differential phase-shift keying over UWOC, hybrid RF/FSO and RF-UWOC, FSO-UWOCwith end-to-end systems.BERresults are extended for various turbulence regions and pointing errors of theFSOlink.MonteCarlo simulation results authenticate the correctness of the results. © 2021 Optical Society of America.Bit error rateCooperative communicationError statisticsInternet of thingsMonte Carlo methodsNormal distributionOptical communicationPhase shiftBit-error rateChannel modellingFree-space opticalInternet of underwater thingsMonitoring applicationsOcean monitoringOptical communication linksPointing errorsRadiofrequenciesUnderwater wireless optical communicationsTurbulence