Elias, T.Geetha, T.Shirlal, K.G.2026-02-042022Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2022, 50, 3, pp. 444-4542661144https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2022.01.003https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/22564Geosynthetic Sand Containers (GSCs) are increasingly harnessed for their coastal protection capabilities. Recent studies point to its efficacy to be used even as armour units of breakwaters. The current investigation aims at understanding the effect of armour unit layers and placement modes in altering the stability of GSC breakwaters. Single-layered and double-layered GSC structures with slope parallel and perpendicular placement are tested for stability against wave conditions of the Mangaluru coast. A 1:30 scaled monochromatic wave flume model study is adopted to detail the damage levels and stability of various GSC breakwaters. It is observed that the stability of structure increased by up to 17% when supplemented with double layers. Structure tends to be stable with increasing armour units size and fill percentage. Larger bags stacked to double layers is found to be the most stable configuration. 80% filled, slope parallel placement exhibited the least stability. The paper dealt with all factors affecting structure stability and deduced stability nomograms helpful for coastal engineers to design GSC breakwaters. © 2022ArmorBreakwatersContainersSlope stability'currentArmour unitsCoastal protectionDamage levelDouble layeredDouble layersGeosyntheticsProtection capabilitiesStability curveUnit layersGeotextilesbreakwatercoastal engineeringcoastal protectiongeotextilesandstability analysisstructural analysiswave modelingwave-structure interactionIndiaKarnatakaMangalore