Kumar, A.Balu, A.S.2026-02-062023Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2023, Vol.269, , p. 191-19923662557https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3371-4_17https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/29701In the recent past, modelling and analysis of structures with uncertain parameters have evoked significant interest.Physical imperfections, model flaws and system complexities can all be sources of uncertainty.In addition, the action loads (live, wind and earthquake) applied to a structure during its lifetime are not deterministic, hence for the proper performance assessment of the structural system, it is essential to properly account for these uncertainties.Uncertainties are usually described by probabilistic and non-probabilistic approaches.The growing interest in the non-probabilistic approach developed due to the incredibility of the probabilistic approach when data is insufficient.For estimating the ranges of the structural system’s response, the interval finite element approach looks to be acceptable, whose input parameters are defined in the ranges.However, the range of values predicted by the interval analysis suffers dependency problem.This can cause the computed findings to be overestimated.Although, the use of numerical truncation technique, parameterization of intervals and subinterval technique suggested by several researchers to avoid the dependency problem caused by general interval arithmetic.The physical rules (distributive law) are not violated by a universal grey numbers are a form of grey number and predict accurate results when compared with the interval approach.The universal grey number system is one such approach where computational efficiency and accuracy can be achieved when the input parameters are available in the ranges/interval. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.AleatoryEpistemicInterval analysisUncertaintyUniversal grey number