Shetty, S.Umesh, P.Shetty, A.2026-02-042024Journal of Hydrologic Engineering - ASCE, 2024, 29, 5, pp. -10840699https://doi.org/10.1061/JHYEFF.HEENG-6214https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/20900In the face of rising greenhouse gas concentrations, our study investigates the intricate regional dynamics of hydrological responses across three vital river basins of the Western Ghats of India. Employing advanced eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) ensemble models based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) data, the article explores the anticipated changes in the climate variables under two future scenarios. The findings reveal a compelling narrative of temperature fluctuations, with increased warming in future decades from November to June ushering in warmer winters and extended summer seasons. These climatic shifts carry profound implications for rainfall patterns, potentially disrupting rainfall during the pivotal months of June and July up to the decade 2030s, with a more pronounced increase in the Purna River Basin (PRB) after the decade 2050s. The projected future climate scenarios indicate that the Vamanapuram River Basin (VRB) and PRB will experience contrasting patterns of dry and wet events, with the VRB facing severe to extreme dry and the PRB witnessing increased moderate to extreme wet events under high-emission scenarios. Additionally, the PRB may experience the paradox of increasing wetness and aridity. These insights provide crucial guidance for policy formulation and adaptation measures to safeguard agriculture and other vital sectors in the face of evolving climate conditions. © 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.Climate changeClimate modelsGreenhouse gasesRainRiversWatershedsCoupled Model Intercomparison ProjectCoupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6)Extreme gradient boosting (xgboost)Gradient boostingGreenhouses gasHydrological responsePotential evapotranspirationRiver basinsStandardized precipitation evapotranspiration indexWestern ghatsEvapotranspirationclimate changeclimate conditionsCMIPevapotranspirationgreenhouse gashydrological responseprecipitation assessmentrainfallIndiaKeralaPurna BasinVamanapuram BasinWestern Ghats