K, K.Nityananda Shetty, A.N.Trivedi, D.R.2026-02-032025Food Chemistry, 2025, 463, , pp. -3088146https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141461https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/20467In the present study, two chromogenic probes, N7R2 and N7R3, each containing two binding sites, were designed and synthesized for the selective detection of arsenite in DMSO/H<inf>2</inf>O (1:1, v/v). The probes exhibited stability across a pH range spanning from 5 to 12. The lower detection limits of 2.01 ppb (18.86 nM) for N7R2 and 1.79 ppb (16.75 nM) for N7R3, which are much lower than the WHO recommended permissible limit of arsenite, confirmed the superior efficiency of the probes in detecting arsenite. The detection mechanism for arsenite was proposed through UV and 1H NMR titrations, electrochemical studies, and DFT calculations. Practical applications were demonstrated through the fabrication of test strips and molecular logic gates. The probes efficiently recognized arsenite in real water, honey, milk samples, and fruit/vegetable juices. Both N7R2 and N7R3 exhibited excellent recovery rates in the analysis of food samples, demonstrating the probes' usefulness in real sample analysis. © 2024Binding sitesTitrationArseniteBinding-sitesChromogenic probesColorimetric sensorsDFTFood samplesIntra-molecular charge transferIntramolecular charge transfersLevel sensingNanomolar levelsFruit juicesanionarsenic acidarsenic trioxidedimethyl sulfoxidefluorescent dyen7r2n7r3river watersea watertap waterunclassified drugabsorption spectroscopyapple juiceArticleassociation constantbinding competitionbinding sitecolorimetrycomplex formationcucumbercyclic voltammetrydensity functional theorydeprotonationdipoleelectrochemical analysiselectron transportelectrophilicityfoodFourier transform infrared spectroscopyfruit and vegetable juicehoneyhydrationhydrogen bondionizationlimit of detectionmaximum permissible dosemilkpHplatinum electrodepotatoproton nuclear magnetic resonancetitrimetrytomato juiceultraviolet visible spectroscopywater contentwater samplinganimalchemistryfood contaminationAnimalsAnionsArsenitesBinding SitesFood ContaminationFruit and Vegetable JuicesHoneyLimit of DetectionMilk