Vardhan, R.Kumar, S.Mandal, S.2026-02-042022Surface and Interface Analysis, 2022, 54, 5, pp. 510-5231422421https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7061https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/22590In this contribution, a pure and robust tungsten oxide (WO<inf>3</inf>) film was accomplished on stainless steel (SS) substrate at 400°C through a minimal capital intensive, simplistic spray pyrolysis method by utilizing a precursor comprising tungsten hexachloride and 2-methoxyethanol. Thermal analysis revealed the precursor's thermal decomposition and crystallization at ~230°C and 255°C, respectively. The fabricated polycrystalline (monoclinic crystal structured) film was uniform and dense in nature, exhibiting surface porosity and average surface roughness of 4.7 % and 15.9 nm, respectively. The average grain size and thickness of film were 360 ± 70 nm and ~3.6 μm, respectively. W, O elemental presence with a close atomic ratio of 1:3 on the film's surface was acquired along with 91 % lattice oxygen. Regardless of applied normal load in the range of 5 to 15 N, an increment of ~22 % in scratch hardness was gained in WO<inf>3</inf>-coated SS compared to uncoated one. Hydrophilic natured WO<inf>3</inf> film (water contact angle, WCA, of ~31°) was efficaciously transformed into hydrophobic (WCA, 136°) by chemical modification with octadecyltrichlorosilane to create a self-assembled monolayer on the surface of the film. The hydrophobicity of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)-treated film was found to be preserved even after 100 days. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Chemical modificationContact angleFabricationOxide filmsSpray pyrolysisStainless steelSurface roughnessThermoanalysisTungsten compounds2-MethoxyethanolHydrophobicsMonoclinic crystalsOctadecyltrichlorosilanePolycrystallineScratch-resistantSpray pyrolysis methodStainless steel substratesStructured filmsTungsten oxide filmsHydrophobicity