Bhargava Kumar, B.K.Naik, R.P.Krishnan, P.2026-02-052021Optical Engineering, 2021, 60, 10, pp. -913286https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.60.10.106106https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/23033For the first time, we propose a dual-hop multiple input multiple output (MIMO)-based convergent underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC)-free-space optical (FSO) system. The UWOC and FSO links are Gamma-Gamma (GG) distributed. Closed-form expression for the average bit error rate (ABER) is derived for the proposed MIMO-based dual-hop UWOC-FSO convergent system using the GG cumulative distribution function. The end-to-end system performance analysis is carried out by considering the turbulence, attenuation, and pointing error effects for UWOC and FSO links. For the UWOC link, different oceanic conditions, such as the clear ocean, coastal ocean, and turbid harbor, are considered. Various atmospheric effects, such as clear air, fog, rain, drizzle, and haze, are considered for the FSO link. The analytical results of the proposed MIMO-based convergent system are compared with single-input single-output (SISO) system. As a result, it is observed that the proposed MIMO 2 × 3 scheme offers an improvement of 35 dB in the average signal-to-noise ratio compared with the SISO system at ABER of 10-5 in the case of weak pointing error. © 2021 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).Bit error rateDistribution functionsErrorsMIMO systemsOptical communicationSignal to noise ratioTelecommunication repeatersTurbulenceAverage bit-error ratesCommunication spacesConvergent systemsFree-space opticalFree-space optical communications systemsFree-space optical linkPerformance enhancementsPointing errorsSingle-input/single-output systemsUnderwater wireless optical communicationsFeedback control