Puthran, S.Prabhu, A.N.Kamble, M.Babu, P.D.Joshi, S.Udayashankar, N.K.2026-02-032025Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2025, 36, 34, pp. -9574522https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16167-yhttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/19923In this study, we investigated the impact of antimony (Sb) and selenium (Se) co-dopants on the thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride (Bi<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>3</inf>). Our findings reveal that Sb doping significantly enhances the electrical conductivity of the material, increasing it by a factor of 2.83 for (Bi<inf>0.98</inf>Sb<inf>0.02</inf>)<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>2.7</inf>Se<inf>0.3</inf>, primarily due to an increase in carrier concentration. The electrical resistivity of pristine Bi<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>3</inf> at 300 K is 2.79 × 10?4 ?·m, which decreases substantially to 0.006 × 10?4 ?·m at 303 K with Sb doping at x = 0.02. Additionally, (Bi<inf>0.96</inf>Sb<inf>0.04</inf>)<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>2.7</inf>Se<inf>0.3</inf> composition achieves the highest power factor of 9.744 × 10?5 W/m·K2 at 300 K, a 3-times improvement over the pristine Bi<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>3</inf> (3.143 × 10?5 W/m·K2). The ZT value of Bi<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>2.7</inf>Se<inf>0.3</inf> is 3.5 times higher than that of the pristine material at 350 K. COMSOL simulations support the experimental findings, revealing a maximum temperature gradient of 35 °C (hot end: 20 °C, cold end: ? 15 °C) for the (Bi<inf>0.98</inf>Sb<inf>0.02</inf>)<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>2.7</inf>Se<inf>0.3</inf> module with comparable p-type and n-type parameters. The increased temperature gradient in the COMSOL simulation correlates with the improved thermoelectric performance observed experimentally, indicating that co-doping Bi<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>3</inf> with Sb and Se effectively enhances its thermoelectric properties. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.AntimonyAntimony compoundsBismuth compoundsCobalt compoundsDoping (additives)Electric conductivitySeleniumSelenium compoundsTellurium compoundsThermal gradientsThermoelectric equipmentThermoelectricityBismuth tellurideCo-dopantsCo-dopingElectrical conductivityHighpower-factorMaximum temperature gradientP-typePristine materialsSb dopingThermoelectric propertiesCarrier concentration