Rajpurohit, M.Aboobacker, S.Vijayasenan, D.Sumam David, S.Suresh, P.K.Sreeram, S.2026-02-062023Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 2023, Vol.586 LNNS, , p. 539-55123673370https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7867-8_43https://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/29548In pleural effusion, an excessive amount of fluid gets accumulated inside the pleural cavity along with signs of inflammation, infections, malignancies, etc. Usually, a manual cytological test is performed to detect and diagnose pleural effusion. The deep learning solutions for effusion cytology include a fully supervised model trained on effusion cytology images with the help of output maps. The low-resolution cytology images are harder to label and require the supervision of an expert, the labeling process time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we have tried to use some portion of data without any labels for training our models using the proposed semi-supervised training methodology. In this paper, we proposed an adversarial network-based semi-supervised image segmentation approach to automate effusion cytology. The semi-supervised methodology with U-Net as the generator shows nearly 12% of absolute improvement in the f-score of benign class, 8% improvement in the f-score of malignant class, and 5% improvement in mIoU score as compared to a fully supervised U-Net model. With ResUNet++ as a generator, a similar improvement in the f-score of 1% for benign class, 8% for the malignant class, and 1% in the mIoU score is observed as compared to a fully supervised ResUNet++ model. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Effusion cytologyImage segmentationSemi-supervised learning