Background. Digital watermarking is a technique of hiding specific identification data for copyright authentication. This technique is adapted here for interleaving patient information with medical images, to reduce storage and transmission overheads. Methods. The patient information is encrypted before interleaving with images to ensure greater security. The bio-signals are compressed and subsequently interleaved with the image. This interleaving is carried out in the spatial domain and Frequency domain. The performance of interleaving in the spatial, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) coefficients is studied. Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is employed for data compression as well as encryption and results are tabulated for a specific example. Results. It can be seen from results, the process does not affect the picture quality. This is attributed to the fact that the change in LSB of a pixel changes its brightness by 1 part in 256. Spatial and DFT domain interleaving gave very less %NRMSE as compared to DCT and DWT domain. Conclusion. The Results show that spatial domain the interleaving, the %NRMSE was less than 0.25% for 8-bit encoded pixel intensity. Among the frequency domain interleaving methods, DFT was found to be very efficient. © 2004 Nayak et al, licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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dc.contributor.authorNayak, J.
dc.contributor.authorSubbanna Bhat, P.
dc.contributor.authorAcharya, A.U.
dc.contributor.authorNiranjan, U.C.
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-05T11:00:19Z
dc.date.issuedSimultaneous storage of medical images in the spatial and frequency domain: A comparative study
dc.description.abstract2004
dc.identifier.citationBioMedical Engineering Online, 2004, 3, , pp. -
dc.identifier.issn1475925X
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-3-17
dc.identifier.urihttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/27945
dc.subjectarticle
dc.subjectbrightness
dc.subjectcomparative study
dc.subjectdiagnostic imaging
dc.subjectFourier transformation
dc.subjectimage processing
dc.subjectimage quality
dc.subjectinformation processing
dc.subjectmethodology
dc.subjectmodulation
dc.subjectpatient information
dc.subjectperformance
dc.subjectalgorithm
dc.subjectcomputer security
dc.subjectFourier analysis
dc.subjectinformation retrieval
dc.subjectmathematical computing
dc.subjectprocedures
dc.subjectAlgorithms
dc.subjectComputer Security
dc.subjectData Compression
dc.subjectFourier Analysis
dc.subjectImage Processing, Computer-Assisted
dc.subjectInformation Storage and Retrieval
dc.subjectMathematical Computing
dc.titleBackground. Digital watermarking is a technique of hiding specific identification data for copyright authentication. This technique is adapted here for interleaving patient information with medical images, to reduce storage and transmission overheads. Methods. The patient information is encrypted before interleaving with images to ensure greater security. The bio-signals are compressed and subsequently interleaved with the image. This interleaving is carried out in the spatial domain and Frequency domain. The performance of interleaving in the spatial, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) coefficients is studied. Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is employed for data compression as well as encryption and results are tabulated for a specific example. Results. It can be seen from results, the process does not affect the picture quality. This is attributed to the fact that the change in LSB of a pixel changes its brightness by 1 part in 256. Spatial and DFT domain interleaving gave very less %NRMSE as compared to DCT and DWT domain. Conclusion. The Results show that spatial domain the interleaving, the %NRMSE was less than 0.25% for 8-bit encoded pixel intensity. Among the frequency domain interleaving methods, DFT was found to be very efficient. © 2004 Nayak et al, licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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