Operation and Control of the Microgrid with Multiple Distributed Energy Resources

Abstract

Human activities contribute to the problem of global warming. Consequently, all nations are striving to lower their carbon releases. The world's economy is in breakdown because of several factors, including the diminishing supply of fossil fuels and an associated price increase. Governments on each continent are making united efforts to develop healthier energy sources and reduce pollution. Solar electricity, also known as photovoltaic technology, is the fastest-growing electricity generation ways and it is the most significant renewable energy source that generates power. The primary goal of this research is to study the interaction between a microgrid's photovoltaic and battery storage systems with power electronic interface and the loads, as well as to investigate methods for tracking the solar panel's maximum power point (MPP) and for managing power efficiently among each source. This research presents a microgrid that provisions energy using solar photovoltaics (PV) and batteries. The proposed microgrids address issues associated with electrification and systems/loads that rely on utility power and are affected by power outages. Utilizing non-conventional resources and battery storage to power remote areas and eliminate power disruptions is one solution to these problems. Nevertheless, multifunctional microgrids are being developed to ensure that loads continue to receive power in the event of utility grid outages. Grid dynamic inverters and isolated operations inverters are additional configurations that can be utilized effectively in a coordinated manner. Microgrids generate and distribute electricity using renewable energy sources such as windmills, solar arrays, and smaller hydroelectric facilities. The system's dispatch ability must be sufficient to produce electricity when consumers require it. However, photovoltaic energy cannot be utilized after sunset. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is typically carried out by power converters and is associated with the PV panels and DC link capacitor of the voltage source converter (VSC). To enhance the efficacy of the PV module, MPPT must provide improved performance in a wide range of environmental conditions. In this thesis, precise models of PV systems with MPPT methods such as P&O, PSO-Sliding, PSO-ANN and PSO-ANFIS are proposed. Another source is the necessity of energy storage devices for the dispatch ability of the ii microgrid. Battery Energy Storage (BES) provides power to the areas even when PV power and utility are unavailable, making it a crucial component for the microgrid's dispatch ability. The PV array incorporated with the BES is responsible for consumer demand. When operating in islanding mode, the microgrid assumes responsibility to provide voltage to the load along with frequency stability by the voltage source converter (VSC) controller during a power grid outage using a proposed droop control. To retrieve the utility, an alternative working mode is employed. In grid following mode, the voltage-frequency is controlled by the grid. As a power conditioner, the VSC supplies active and reactive power to applications. This research aims to develop techniques for regulating and deploying PV-BES systems with grid. The suggested microgrids are tested in a MATLAB environment to validate the topology, control methodologies, and simulation model. This study concentrates predominantly on grid-interactive PV-BES microgrids, which can continue to provide power to customers in the absence of both the utility grid and PV production. This work develops a configuration of PV-BES microgrids to address the issue of distribution network power outages. PV microgrids with two stages consist of a boost converter for maximal power point tracking and a grid interactive VSC in the second stage. In PV-BES microgrid systems, the bidirectional inverter is utilized for battery charging and discharging. To enhance the dynamic performance of the PV and BES microgrid and to facilitate the injection of active power into the utility grid, a PV feed-forward (PVFF) loop is implemented in the grid-interactive mode for current control. Consequently, the selection of microgrid variants is determined by consumer requirements. Remote areas regularly experience power disruptions. Effective, isolated with intelligent control mechanisms are developed for grid-interactive PV-BES microgrids to continue to provide uninterrupted power to end users during utility grid outages and PV array power variation.