Fundamentals and basics of reverse osmosis

Abstract

This chapter endows an inclusive introduction to the fundamentals and basics of the reverse osmosis (RO) process. It starts from the short history, plants, and theoretical contextual of RO. A concise summary of the recent advances in RO membranes and materials then follows. Lastly, the usage of different types of modules such as spiral wound prepared from flat sheet membranes and hollow fiber membranes used in RO desalination is discussed. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.