Value-addition of carbohydrate-derived platform molecules using stoichiometric redox reagents

Abstract

Even though redox reactions in organic synthesis are increasingly catalytic in academic and industrial settings, there is still significant scope for stoichiometric redox reagents (SRRs). The works on using SRRs for biorefinery processes and the chemistry of renewables are scattered in the literature. This work reviews the attempts to synthetically transform carbohydrate-derived platform chemicals into fine chemicals using stoichiometric oxidizing and reducing agents. Many stoichiometric oxidants and reductants form relatively harmless byproducts and can be conveniently recovered and recycled. The processes work under reasonably mild conditions without the mandate of using delicate metal-based catalysts and an overpressure of the oxidant. The selectivity, yield, scalability, and process economics involving SRRs can compete with catalytic processes in several instances. The discussion on the reaction mechanisms, selectivity, green metrics, nature of waste, and recyclability of SRRs will help make an informed decision while designing synthetic strategies for the biorefinery processes. © 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.