Biomass-derived 5-(tolylmethyl)furfural as a promising diesel additive: preparation, process scale-up, and engine studies

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dc.contributor.authorYadav, A.K.
dc.contributor.authorYadav, S.K.
dc.contributor.authorKumar, G.N.
dc.contributor.authorMadav, V.
dc.contributor.authorDutta, S.
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-03T13:19:34Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractFuranic fuel oxygenates, renewably produced from biomass, have received significant interest in lessening dependence on petroleum-derived liquid fuels and reducing emissions. 5-(Tolylmethyl)furfural (TMF) was prepared by the Friedel-Crafts reaction between cellulose-derived 5-(acetoxymethyl)furfural (AcMF) and petroleum-derived toluene. The process was optimized on various parameters, such as reaction temperature, molar ratio of reagents, catalyst loading, and duration. Anhydrous ZnCl<inf>2</inf> was the best catalyst for the reaction, affording a 67% isolated yield of TMF under optimized conditions (120 °C, 4 h). TMF was prepared on a 30 g scale and blended (1-5 vol%) with diesel. The physicochemical properties of the TMF-diesel blended fuel mixtures were studied, and then they were employed as fuel for a direct injection single-cylinder diesel engine. The results show good fuel properties and reduced emissions compared to unblended diesel fuel. © 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
dc.identifier.citationRSC Advances, 2025, 15, 34, pp. 27933-27940
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra04020e
dc.identifier.urihttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/20142
dc.publisherRoyal Society of Chemistry
dc.subjectAdditives
dc.subjectCatalysts
dc.subjectChlorine compounds
dc.subjectDiesel engines
dc.subjectDiesel fuels
dc.subjectFriedel-Crafts reaction
dc.subjectFueling
dc.subjectMolar ratio
dc.subjectPhysicochemical properties
dc.subjectCatalyst loadings
dc.subjectFriedel-Craft reactions
dc.subjectFuel emissions
dc.subjectFuel oxygenates
dc.subjectPreparation process
dc.subjectProcess scale-up
dc.subjectReaction temperature
dc.subjectReducing emissions
dc.subjectZnCl 2
dc.subjectDirect injection
dc.subjectFurfural
dc.subjectChlorine Compounds
dc.subjectCrude Oil
dc.subjectDiesel Engines
dc.subjectProcesses
dc.titleBiomass-derived 5-(tolylmethyl)furfural as a promising diesel additive: preparation, process scale-up, and engine studies

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